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Samenvatting Vrijheid, burgerschap en democratie
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Alle hoofdstukken die je nodig hebt voor het examen, inclusief tekst uit boek ter verduidelijking. Patrick Loobuyck en Geert Van Eeckert.
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VRIJHEID, BURGERSCHAP ENDEMOCRATIE
INHOUDSOPGAVE
LES 1 A): INLEIDING ......................................................................................................................... 6
POLITIEKE DIEREN ..................................................................................................................................6
DE EN HET POLITIEKE ...............................................................................................................................6
VRIJHEID .............................................................................................................................................7
VRIJHEID EN DE GRIEKSE POLIS....................................................................................................................7
WAT HOUDT VRIJHEID IN? .........................................................................................................................8
VRIJHEID: EEN ‘ESSENTIALLY CONTESTED CONCEPT’.............................................................................................8
LIBERALE EN REPUBLIKEINSE OPVATTING VAN VRIJHEID.........................................................................................8
LES 1 B) ISAIAH BERLIN EN DE LIBERALE OPVATTING VAN VRIJHEID ........................................................ 9
SITUERING ...........................................................................................................................................9
Negatieve en positieve vrijheid .......................................................................................................9
Two concepts of liberty .................................................................................................................9
NEGATIEVE VRIJHEID ............................................................................................................................. 10
Politieke vrijheid: de mogelijkheid om te doen wat men wil doen ........................................................ 10
Politieke vrijheid is negatieve vrijHeid: non-interference .................................................................... 10
Politieke onvrijheid: bermoeiens, dwang en onderdrukking ................................................................ 11
NEGATIEVE VRIJHEID EN VRIJHEIDSBEGRENZING ............................................................................................... 11
NEGATIEVE VRIJHEID EN GRENZEN AAN DE VRIJHEIDSBEGRENZING .......................................................................... 11
Absolute vrijheid is onmogelijk ....................................................................................................... 11
Inperking van de negatieve vrijheid en het schadebeginsel ................................................................. 12
NEGATIEVE VRIJHEID VERSUS PATERNALISME .................................................................................................. 12
De grenzen van de politieke macht.................................................................................................. 12
Rechten en onschendbare regels..................................................................................................... 12
Vrijheidsrechten en burgerschap ..................................................................................................... 13
NEGATIEVE VRIJHEID VS PATERNALISME ....................................................................................................... 13
Vrijheid is vrijheid ......................................................................................................................... 14
Tegen een paternalistische overheid ............................................................................................... 14
NEGATIEVE VRIJHEID EN DEMOCRATIE .......................................................................................................... 14
Negatieve vrijHeid is verzoenbaar met liberaal depotisme .................................................................. 15
Mill en Constant over democratie ................................................................................................... 15
Berlin over democratie .................................................................................................................. 15
POSITIEVE VRIJHEID ............................................................................................................................... 16
De positieve vrijheid van de rationalist ............................................................................................ 16
WAARDENPLURALISME EN HUMANISME ....................................................................................................... 16
Korte herhaling les 1 ..................................................................................................................... 17
LES 2: PHILIP PETTIT EN DE REPUBLIKEINSE OPVATTING VAN VRIJHEID ...................................................17
GESCHIEDENIS EN ESSENTIE VAN DE REPUBLIKEINSE OPVATTING VAN VRIJHEID ............................................................ 17
1
, HOW DO YOU KNOW IF YOU’RE TRULY FREE?.................................................................................................. 18
A Doll’s House .............................................................................................................................. 18
Lucky freedom vs… ....................................................................................................................... 19
… VS Robust Freedom.................................................................................................................... 19
FUNDAMENTELE ASPECTEN VAN DE REPUBLIKEINSE OPVATTING VAN POLITIEKE VRIJHEID ALS ROBUUSTE VRIJHEID .................... 19
Liberty and citizenship ................................................................................................................... 19
Liberty vs slavery .......................................................................................................................... 20
Non domination vs non interference................................................................................................ 20
Liberty as absence of arbitrary interference...................................................................................... 20
Interference without any loss of liberty ............................................................................................ 21
The properly constitued law as a non-mastering interferer ................................................................. 21
TERUG NAAR IBSEN: WAT HEEFT NORA NODIG OM VRIJ TE ZIJN? ........................................................................... 22
Vrijheid: de anderen als gelijke in de ogen kunnen kijken ................................................................... 22
Vrijheid: een gelijk aandeel in de controle over de wet ....................................................................... 22
Citizenship: equality before and over the law .................................................................................... 22
REPUBLIKEINSE VRIJHEID EN DEMOCRATIE ..................................................................................................... 23
Republikeinse vrijheid in private sfeer .............................................................................................. 23
REPUBLIKEINSE VRIJHEID IN PUBLIEKE SFEER ................................................................................... 24
Republikeinse vrijheid in internationale context ................................................................................ 25
DE LIBERALE EN DE REPUBLIKEINSE OPVATTING VAN VRIJHEID ............................................................................... 25
Libiertarian vs Republican Freedom ................................................................................................. 25
De vrije samenleving volgens Pettit ................................................................................................. 25
LES 3: A) BURGERSCHAP ..................................................................................................................26
VERSCHILLENDE DIMENSIES ...................................................................................................................... 26
ESSENTIALLY CONTESTED CONCEPT ............................................................................................................. 27
The right to have rights ................................................................................................................. 28
Januskop ..................................................................................................................................... 29
WELKE RECHTEN?- MARCHALL ................................................................................................................. 30
Standstillprincipe - GW .................................................................................................................. 31
Sociale rechten ten dienste van burgerlijke en politieke vrijheden ........................................................ 32
LES 4: B) BURGERSCHAP ..................................................................................................................32
Historische spanningsrelatie .......................................................................................................... 32
JS. Mill ........................................................................................................................................ 33
Marx en Engels ............................................................................................................................ 34
Jean Jaures .................................................................................................................................. 34
COMPLEMENTAIRE OF BOTSENDE DIMENSIES? ................................................................................................ 34
1. Gemeenschapsdenken kan tot politieke en sociale uitsluiting leiden ............................................. 34
2. De wil van het volk > rechten & inclusie .................................................................................... 35
3. Rechten > democratie & gemeenschap ................................................................................. 36
Historische omkering .................................................................................................................. 37
CHANTAL MOUFFE: AGONISTISCH DEMOCRATIEMODEL ...................................................................................... 37
JÜRGEN HABERMAS .............................................................................................................................. 38
Gelijkoorspronkelijkheid ................................................................................................................ 38
Margin of appreciation ................................................................................................................. 39
Rawls – Habermas – Pettit ............................................................................................................. 40
Paradox of voting ......................................................................................................................... 40
Uitwegen uit paradox ................................................................................................................... 41
2
, DEMOCRATIE ...................................................................................................................................... 42
Burgerlijke ongehoorzaamheid: ...................................................................................................... 43
Demoratische legitimiteit .............................................................................................................. 44
Deliberative DEMOCRACY .............................................................................................................. 45
Democratic legitimacy................................................................................................................... 45
Deliberative democracy ................................................................................................................. 46
Informele publieke sfeer – wilsvorming ............................................................................................ 46
Formele politieke sfeer – besluitvorming .......................................................................................... 47
Representatieve democratie .......................................................................................................... 47
Rousseau: directe democratie ........................................................................................................ 48
Burgerdemocratie ........................................................................................................................ 48
Democratie in crisis....................................................................................................................... 48
Burgerdemocratie met gelote burgerpanels ..................................................................................... 49
LES 5: BURGERSCHAP EN GEMEENSCHAP ...........................................................................................50
BURGERSCHAP EN POLITIEKE GEMEENSCHAP .................................................................................................. 50
Ook belang van subjectieve kant .................................................................................................... 50
UITDAGINGEN ..................................................................................................................................... 51
Discrepantie ................................................................................................................................ 51
WAT BINDT ONS TOT EEN POLITIEKE GEMEENSCHAP (EN WAT ONDERSCHEIDT ONS VAN ANDEREN?) .................................. 52
Rawls, Dworkin, … (Shared sense of justice)...................................................................................... 52
Common form of life ..................................................................................................................... 53
Liberaal nationalisme (Shared national identity) ............................................................................... 54
Multicultureel nationalisme (Shared political participation) ........................................................... 55
Postnationale constellatie (Identification by shared participation) ................................................. 56
Interculturalisme .......................................................................................................................... 58
Combineren van theorieën ............................................................................................................. 59
LES 6: DEMOCRATIE, TECHNOCRATIE EN POPULISME ...........................................................................59
DEMOCRATIE (>< POPULISME).................................................................................................................. 60
Liberale/ constitutionele democratie ............................................................................................... 60
Representatieve of parlementaire democratie .................................................................................. 60
De lege plaats van de macht .......................................................................................................... 61
>< Populisme ............................................................................................................................... 61
Populisme als ideologie ................................................................................................................. 62
Populisme als gevaar .................................................................................................................... 62
TECHNOCRATIE (? POPULISME) ................................................................................................................. 63
Het neoliberalisme ........................................................................................................................ 64
Populisme als symptoon ................................................................................................................ 65
DE EUROPESE UNIE ............................................................................................................................... 66
DE ROL VAN EXPERTEN IN EEN DEMOCRATIE ................................................................................................... 67
LES 7: MIGRATIE, INTEGRATIE EN NATIONALITEIT ...............................................................................69
JURIDISCH KADER ................................................................................................................................. 69
INTERNATIONALE VERDRAGEN ................................................................................................................ 71
Verdragsteksten gericht op migratie ............................................................................................. 71
Mensenrechtenverdragen ........................................................................................................... 71
Recht van de EU .......................................................................................................................... 72
Nationale rechtsorde .................................................................................................................. 74
VERBLIJFSRECHT .................................................................................................................................. 74
3
, Verblijfsrecht: Unieburgers en gelijkgestelden .............................................................................. 75
Verblijfsrecht: derelandsonderdanen ........................................................................................... 76
INTEGRATIE EN NATIONALITEIT .................................................................................................................. 78
Inburgering ................................................................................................................................. 78
Doorwerking op het verblijfsrecht ................................................................................................. 79
RECHTEN........................................................................................................................................... 81
Rechten: Unieburgers ................................................................................................................. 82
Rechten: Derdelandsonderdanen ................................................................................................ 82
LES 8: DE HAÏTIAANSE REVOLUTIE EN DE GRENZEN VAN REVOLUTIONAIR BURGERSCHAP .........................83
INLEIDING.......................................................................................................................................... 83
1E BEDRIJF: DE UITVINDING VAN MODERN BURGERSCHAP ................................................................................... 84
Parijs .......................................................................................................................................... 84
VS .............................................................................................................................................. 84
Nederlandse Republiek .................................................................................................................. 84
Uitvinding modern burgerschap ..................................................................................................... 85
2 BEDRIJF: OPSTAND OP SAINT-DOMINIGUE.................................................................................................. 86
E
Achtergrondinformatie ................................................................................................................ 86
verlichting >< Raciale hierarchie .................................................................................................. 86
3E BEDRIJF: DE STRIJD OM GELIJK BURGERSCHAP EN BEELDVORMING ....................................................................... 87
Genootschap van de vrienden van de zwarten .............................................................................. 87
Einde slavernij ............................................................................................................................ 87
4 BEDRIJF: VERLICHTING EN UITSLUITING ..................................................................................................... 88
E
Vooruitgang van de menselijke geest .............................................................................................. 88
>< Biologisch racisme .................................................................................................................... 89
Nationale vergadering, Bataafse Republiek 1796 .............................................................................. 89
5 BEDRIJF: DE GRENZEN VAN BURGERSCHAP: VERGELIJKENDE PERSPECTIEVEN ........................................................... 89
E
Etta Palm d’Aelders ...................................................................................................................... 89
6 BEDRIJF: ERFENISSEN VAN DE HAÏTIAANSE REVOLUTIE .................................................................................... 90
E
Effecten...................................................................................................................................... 90
LES 9: SPANNING TUSSEN HET RECHT VAN DE MENSENRECHTEN EN BURGERRECHTEN .............................91
VRAAGSTELLING .................................................................................................................................. 91
MENSENRECHTENVERDRAGEN .................................................................................................................. 92
A) Search and rescua at Sea (>< recht op leven?) ........................................................................ 93
B) Verwijdering van grondgebied (>< recht op gezondheid?) ........................................................ 94
C) Huisvesting (><Recht op huisvesting?)................................................................................... 96
HESH (HERZIEN EUOPEES SOCIAAL HANDVEST)........................................................................................ 96
EUROPEES COMITÉ VOOR SOCIALE RECHTEN ................................................................................................... 97
CONCLUSIES ....................................................................................................................................... 98
LES 11: DEMOCRATIE EN LEGITIMITEIT IN DE EU .................................................................................99
DEMOCRATIE EN LEGITIMITEIT IN POLITIEKE SYSTEMEN ....................................................................................... 99
DE EUROPESE UNIE ALS POLITIEK SYSTEEM .................................................................................................. 100
Europese en nationale bevoegdheden ........................................................................................... 101
DEMOCRATIE IN DE EUROPESE UNIE ......................................................................................................... 102
TRUST IN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ............................................................................................................ 105
EUROPESE VERKIEZINGEN ................................................................................................................... 106
CONCLUSIE ...................................................................................................................................... 106
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