Summary

SPSS samenvatting- Outputs & Tests

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Course
Introduction to Statistical Analysis (CM1005)

Institution
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)

This document explains how to interpret the results of various statistical tests in SPSS. It includes sample output, explanations of important results such as t-values, p-values, and mean differences, and helps to choose the right test based on the type of variables and the research question.

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Uploaded on January 16, 2025
Number of pages 6
Written in 2024/2025
Type Summary

spss
state science
statistics

Institution
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
Education
Communication and Media
Course
Introduction to Statistical Analysis (CM1005)

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SPSS interpretation

1. Pearson’s r (Correlation)

SPSS Output:

Correlations Variable 1 Variable 2 Sig. (2-tailed)
Variable 1 1 0.78 0.001
Variable 2 0.78 1

Interpretation:

 r = 0.78: There is a strong positive correlation between the two variables.
 Sig. (p = 0.001): Since p<0.05p, the correlation is statistically significant.
-> Reject H0.

2. One-Sample t-test

SPSS Output:

Test Value = 50 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference
Sample Mean 2.45 29 0.021 5.2

Interpretation:

 t = 2.45: The sample mean differs from the test value.
 Sig. (p = 0.021): Since p<0.05, the difference is statistically significant.
Reject H0.
 Mean Difference = 5.2: The sample mean is 5.2 higher than the test value (50).

3. Independent Samples t-test

SPSS Output:

Levene's Test F Sig.
Equal variances assumed 1.34 0.25
Equal variances not assumed
t-test for Equality of Sig. (2- Mean 95% CI of the
t df
Means tailed) Difference Difference
Equal variances assumed -3.21 48 0.003 -2.8 [-4.5, -1.1]
Equal variances not
-3.21 45.6 0.003 -2.8 [-4.5, -1.1]
assumed

, Interpretation:

 Levene’s test (p = 0.25): Since p≥0.05p, equal variances are assumed. Use the "Equal
variances assumed" row.
 t = -3.21, p = 0.003: The group means are significantly different. Reject H0.
 Mean Difference = -2.8: Group 1 has a mean 2.8 lower than Group 2.

4. ANOVA

SPSS Output:

ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 45.2 2 22.6 5.78 0.004
Within Groups 156.8 57 2.75
Total 202.0 59

Interpretation:

 F = 5.78, p = 0.004: Since p<0.05,at least one group mean significantly differs from
the others. Reject H0.
 Post-hoc Tests (if provided): Examine pairwise comparisons to identify which
specific group means differ.

5. Chi-Square Test for Independence

SPSS Output:

Chi-Square Tests Value df Sig.
Pearson Chi-Square 12.5 2 0.002
Likelihood Ratio 13.2 2 0.001
Linear-by-Linear Assoc. 4.2 1 0.040
N of Valid Cases 200

Crosstabulation Table:

Group Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Total
Variable A1 20 30 50 100
Variable A2 15 25 60 100

Interpretation:

 Chi-Square (p = 0.002): Since p<0.05, the variables are significantly associated.
Reject H0
 Crosstab Table: Compare observed and expected frequencies to interpret the nature
of the relationship.

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