1. Which of the following is a common pathophysiological
change in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
- A. Increased alveolar elasticity
- B. Decreased mucus production
- C. Airway inflammation and fibrosis
- D. Enhanced ciliary function
- ANS: C. Airway inflammation and fibrosis
, - Rationale: COPD is characterized by airway inflammation,
fibrosis, and mucus hypersecretion, leading to airflow limitation.
2. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of type 1
diabetes mellitus?
- A. Insulin resistance
- B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- C. Increased hepatic glucose production
- D. Decreased glucagon secretion
- ANS: B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- Rationale: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin
deficiency.
3. Which of the following is a hallmark of acute kidney injury
(AKI)?
- A. Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
- B. Decreased serum creatinine levels
- C. Oliguria or anuria
- D. Hyperkalemia
- ANS: C. Oliguria or anuria
, - Rationale: AKI is characterized by a sudden decrease in
kidney function, leading to oliguria or anuria and elevated serum
creatinine levels.
4. What is the primary cause of myocardial infarction?
- A. Coronary artery spasm
- B. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture
- C. Hypertension
- D. Valvular heart disease
- ANS: B. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture
- Rationale: Myocardial infarction is primarily caused by the
rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, leading to thrombus
formation and occlusion of a coronary artery.
5. Which of the following is a common complication of
cirrhosis?
- A. Hyperglycemia
- B. Portal hypertension
- C. Hypotension
- D. Hyperlipidemia
- ANS: B. Portal hypertension
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