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Samenvatting Kennis geestelijke stromingen - De vijf religies van de wereld
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De vijf religies van dewereld
Henk Schouten
,Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Hindoeïsme.............................................................................................................................. 8
1.1 Naam en oorsprong............................................................................................................................ 8
1.2 Dharma – bestemming – kosmische orde – kaste...............................................................................8
1.3 De bronnen: de veda’s en de grote verhalen......................................................................................9
1.3.1 Veda’s.......................................................................................................................................... 9
1.3.2 Oepanisjaden............................................................................................................................... 9
1.3.3 De grote verhalen......................................................................................................................... 9
1.4 Wegen naar verlossing – karma en reïncarnatie............................................................................10
1.5 De godenwereld................................................................................................................................ 11
1.6 Ethiek................................................................................................................................................ 12
1.7 De religieuze praktijk......................................................................................................................... 12
1.7.1 Overgangsrituelen...................................................................................................................... 12
1.7.2 Hoe word je hindoe.................................................................................................................... 13
1.7.3 Reinheid en gezondheid............................................................................................................. 13
1.7.4 Levensstadia............................................................................................................................... 13
1.8 Kalender en jaarfeesten.................................................................................................................... 14
1.8.1 Holi............................................................................................................................................. 14
1.8.2 Divali of Dipavali......................................................................................................................... 14
1.8.3 Dussehra.................................................................................................................................... 14
1.9 Religieuze leiders.............................................................................................................................. 14
1.10 Hindoes in Nederland...................................................................................................................... 15
1.11 Geschiedenis en hervormers........................................................................................................... 15
1.11.1 Geschiedenis............................................................................................................................ 15
1.11.2 Enkele hervormers................................................................................................................... 15
1.12 Sikhs................................................................................................................................................ 16
Hoofdstuk 2: Boeddhisme........................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 Naam en oorsprong.......................................................................................................................... 16
2.2 Het leven van de boeddha................................................................................................................ 16
2.3 De kern van de leer........................................................................................................................... 17
2.3.1 De vier edele waarheden............................................................................................................ 17
2.3.2 Het achtvoudig Pad.................................................................................................................... 17
2.3.3 Meditatie.................................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.4 Kosmologie en dharma............................................................................................................... 18
2.3.5 Reïncarnatie............................................................................................................................... 18
, 2.4 Leefregels – ethiek............................................................................................................................ 19
2.4.1 De vijf voorschriften................................................................................................................... 19
2.4.2 De vier nobele deugden............................................................................................................. 19
2.4.3 Meditatief leven......................................................................................................................... 19
2.5 Bronnen............................................................................................................................................ 19
2.5.1 Soetra’s...................................................................................................................................... 19
2.5.2 Jataka’s....................................................................................................................................... 20
2.6 Stromingen in het boeddhisme......................................................................................................... 20
2.6.1 Theravada.................................................................................................................................. 20
2.6.2 Mahayana.................................................................................................................................. 20
2.6.3 Vajrayana................................................................................................................................... 21
2.6.4 Volksboeddhisme....................................................................................................................... 21
2.7 Hoe word je boeddhist...................................................................................................................... 21
2.7.1 De toevlucht tot de ‘drie juwelen’.............................................................................................. 21
2.7.2 Kloosters.................................................................................................................................... 22
2.8 Rituelen en feestdagen..................................................................................................................... 22
2.8.1 Het ritueel van de toevlucht....................................................................................................... 22
2.8.2 De wijding tot monnik of non..................................................................................................... 22
2.8.3 De dood...................................................................................................................................... 22
2.8.4 Verering stupa............................................................................................................................ 23
2.8.5 Wesak........................................................................................................................................ 23
2.8.6 Het nieuwe jaar.......................................................................................................................... 23
2.9 De ontwikkeling van het boeddhisme............................................................................................... 23
Hoofdstuk 3: Jodendom.............................................................................................................................. 24
3.1 Naam en oorsprong.......................................................................................................................... 24
3.2 De bronnen: Tenach en Talmoed...................................................................................................... 24
3.3 De grondslagen van de joodse traditie.............................................................................................. 24
3.3.1 De ene God................................................................................................................................ 24
3.3.2 Het uitverkoren volk................................................................................................................... 24
3.3.3 Heiliging door omgang met de geboden..................................................................................... 24
3.3.4 Geloofsleer................................................................................................................................. 25
3.3.5 Geen beelden............................................................................................................................. 25
3.3.6 Voorzichtig met de naam van God............................................................................................. 25
3.3.7 Mensbeeld – zonde en genade................................................................................................... 25
3.3.8 Opstanding................................................................................................................................. 25
3.3.9 Messiasverwachting en het Koninkrijk van God.........................................................................26
3.4 De geschiedenis van het joodse volk................................................................................................. 26
, 3.4.1 Van Abraham (tussen 1900-1500 voor gjt) tot de val van de tweede tempel (70 gjt).................26
3.4.2 Van 70 tot heden........................................................................................................................ 26
3.5 Leefregels – de geboden of voorschriften (mitswot).........................................................................27
3.5.1 Algemene regels – de ethiek...................................................................................................... 27
3.5.2 Dagelijkse leefregels................................................................................................................... 28
3.5.2.1 Spijswetten (kasjroet).............................................................................................................. 28
3.5.2.2 Symbolen................................................................................................................................ 28
3.6 Feestdagen........................................................................................................................................ 28
3.6.1 Vooraf: de kalender.................................................................................................................... 28
3.6.2 Sabbat en synagoge.................................................................................................................... 28
3.6.3 Joods nieuwjaar – Rosj Ha-Shana............................................................................................... 29
3.6.4. Grote Verzoendag – Jom Kippoer.............................................................................................. 29
3.6.5 Loofhuttenfeest - Soekoth.......................................................................................................... 29
3.6.6 Vreugde der Wet – Simchat Tora................................................................................................ 29
3.6.7 Inwijdingsfeest – Chanoeka........................................................................................................ 29
3.6.8 Lotenfeest - Poerim.................................................................................................................... 29
3.6.9 Paasfeest - Pesach...................................................................................................................... 30
3.6.10 Wekenfeest – Sjawoe’ot........................................................................................................... 30
3.6.11 Jom Ha-Shoa............................................................................................................................. 30
3.7 Overgangsrituelen............................................................................................................................. 30
3.7.1 Beriet Mila – het verbond van de besnijdenis............................................................................30
3.7.2 Bar-mitswa – zoon der wet......................................................................................................... 30
3.7.3 Choepa - huwelijk....................................................................................................................... 30
3.7.4 Rondom de dood........................................................................................................................ 31
3.8 Mystiek............................................................................................................................................. 31
3.8.1 Merkawa.................................................................................................................................... 31
3.8.2 Kabbala...................................................................................................................................... 31
3.8.3 Chassidisme................................................................................................................................ 31
3.9 Stromingen in het jodendom............................................................................................................ 31
3.9.1 Orthodoxe joden – chassidisme................................................................................................. 31
3.9.2 Orthodoxe joden - algemeen...................................................................................................... 32
3.9.3 Liberale joden............................................................................................................................. 32
3.9.4 Niet-religieuze joden.................................................................................................................. 32
Hoofdstuk 4: Christendom.......................................................................................................................... 32
4.1 Naam en oorsprong.......................................................................................................................... 32
4.2 Het leven van Jezus........................................................................................................................... 32
4.3 De bronnen....................................................................................................................................... 32
, 4.3.1 De bijbel – het Oude Testament................................................................................................. 33
4.3.2 De bijbel – het Nieuwe Testament.............................................................................................33
4.3.3 De traditie.................................................................................................................................. 33
4.3.4 De Heilige Geest......................................................................................................................... 33
4.4 Kernpunten uit de leer van de kerk(en)............................................................................................. 33
4.4.1 God, Jezus, de Heilige Geest en de leer van de drie-eenheid......................................................33
4.4.2 Verzoening en verlossing............................................................................................................ 33
4.4.3 Opstanding – hemel en hel......................................................................................................... 34
4.4.4 Schepping en voleinding............................................................................................................. 34
4.4.5 Liefde, barmhartigheid en genade.............................................................................................. 34
4.4.6 Ziekte en genezing...................................................................................................................... 34
4.4.7 De ambtelijke structuur – religieuze leiders...............................................................................34
4.5 Ethiek en diaconaat........................................................................................................................... 35
4.6 Mystiek en gebed.............................................................................................................................. 35
4.6.1 Zijnsmystiek................................................................................................................................ 35
4.6.2 Liefdesmystiek............................................................................................................................ 35
4.7 Rituelen en sacramenten.................................................................................................................. 35
4.7.1 Eucharistie – avondmaal............................................................................................................ 35
4.7.2 Doop of doopsel......................................................................................................................... 36
4.7.3 Vormsel – belijdenis................................................................................................................... 36
4.7.4 Huwelijk..................................................................................................................................... 36
4.7.5 Ambtswijdingen......................................................................................................................... 36
4.7.6 Ziekenzalving.............................................................................................................................. 36
4.7.7 Biecht......................................................................................................................................... 36
4.8 Feestdagen........................................................................................................................................ 37
4.8.1 Zondag – de kerkdienst.............................................................................................................. 37
4.8.2 Advent........................................................................................................................................ 37
4.8.3 Kerstfeest................................................................................................................................... 37
4.8.4 Epifanie – Driekoningen............................................................................................................. 37
4.8.5 Vastentijd – lijdenstijd................................................................................................................ 37
4.8.6 De Goede of Stille week............................................................................................................. 37
4.8.7 Pasen.......................................................................................................................................... 38
4.8.8. Hemelvaart................................................................................................................................ 38
4.8.9 Pinksteren.................................................................................................................................. 38
4.8.10 Mariafeesten en heiligendagen................................................................................................ 38
4.9 Enkele hoofdlijnen uit de geschiedenis van de kerk(en)....................................................................38
4.9.1 De Oude Kerk, 70-1054.............................................................................................................. 38
, 4.9.2 Middeleeuwen, 1054-1517........................................................................................................ 39
4.9.3 Reformatie en Contrareformatie, 1517-1789.............................................................................39
4.9.4 Verlichting, 1789-heden............................................................................................................. 39
4.9.5 Kerken in Nederland................................................................................................................... 40
4.9.6 Klooster en communiteiten........................................................................................................ 40
4.10 Afwijkende richtingen..................................................................................................................... 41
4.10.1 Gnostiek................................................................................................................................... 41
4.10.2 Theosofie en antroposofie........................................................................................................ 41
4.10.3 New Age en nieuwe spiritualiteit.............................................................................................. 41
Hoofdstuk 5: Islam...................................................................................................................................... 42
5.1 Naam en oorsprong.......................................................................................................................... 42
5.2 Mohammed en zijn opvolging........................................................................................................... 42
5.2.1 Mohammed 570-632.................................................................................................................. 42
5.2.2 De opvolging van Mohammed.................................................................................................... 43
5.2.3 Verspreiding van de islam.......................................................................................................... 43
5.3 De bronnen: Koran en Hadith............................................................................................................ 43
5.3.1 Qur’an (Koran)............................................................................................................................ 43
5.3.2 Hadith........................................................................................................................................ 44
5.4 De grondslagen van de islam: de vijf zuilen.......................................................................................44
5.4.1 Geloofsbelijdenis – shahada....................................................................................................... 44
5.4.2 Het rituele gebed - salat............................................................................................................. 44
5.4.3 Armenzorg - zakat...................................................................................................................... 45
5.4.4 Vasten – saum............................................................................................................................ 45
5.4.5 De bedevaart - hadj.................................................................................................................... 45
5.5 Sjari’a – het rechtssysteem............................................................................................................... 45
5.5.1 Categorieën................................................................................................................................ 46
5.5.2 Jihad........................................................................................................................................... 46
5.5.3 Wanneer ben je moslim?........................................................................................................... 46
5.5.4 Religieuze leiders........................................................................................................................ 46
5.6 Theologie.......................................................................................................................................... 47
5.7 Mystiek............................................................................................................................................. 47
5.8 Overgangsrituelen............................................................................................................................. 48
5.8.1 Geboorte.................................................................................................................................... 48
5.8.2 Besnijdenis................................................................................................................................. 48
5.8.3 Huwelijk..................................................................................................................................... 48
5.8.4 Dood en hiernamaals................................................................................................................. 48
5.9 Kalender en jaarfeesten.................................................................................................................... 48
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