Summary
Summary Physiology
- Course
- Institution
- Book
Physiology (part Scheurink)
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
More summaries for
-
Test Bank Human Physiology Silverthorn, 64 questions with anwsers, new 2024
-
Summary Physiology (pharmacology & physiology)
-
Summary Human physiology
Seller
Follow
noellevdz
Content preview
Lectures ScheurinkIntegrative physiology, homeostasis and communication
The selfish gene: the organism exists and functions so that the genes can survive beyond the mortal
life of individual members of a species
Physiological mechanisms
Survival of the individual:
- Stay alive
- Growth
Survival of the species:
- Reproduction
- Care
Fight/flight response: autonomic and physiological responses
➔ Stay alive, first requirement
Signal coming from the brain to different organs
Adrenal (on top of the kidney) produces hormones (adrenalin) released into the blood stream →
increases heart frequency + cardiac output → release energy
Second response: Cortex releases cortisol
Physiology: studies the functioning of the body
- Molecular level
- Organ level
- Interactions between organisms and the environment
1. Integrative physiology
→ organs working together
- Perception of the stress stimulus in the brain → activation of the fight-flight response
- Activation of brain areas involved I the release of energy substrates and the stimulation of
the cardiovascular system
- Communication between brain and body through chemical messengers: neurotransmitters
and hormones
- Adrenalin ↑ → sympathetic nervous system ↑
- Activation of several processes in the body
Pancreas → insulin ↓, liver → glucose release
White adipose tissue → release of fatty acids
Heart rate ↑ and blood pressure ↑
- Increased availability of energy substrates and changes in blood distribution
- ACTH and cortisol ↑
- Inhibition of irrelevant processes, a.o. the gut and the immune system
Fight/flight; released glucose and FFAs are utilized by the active muscle
No fight/flight: pathological condition
Adrenal(top of the kidney) produces hormones
Adrenaline; activates blood circulation, increase heart frequentie
If physiology goes wrong → become sick
Stress (patho)physiology
,Individual differences → same task → difference responses
Stress situations associated with elevated adrenalin and noradrenalin levels, increased heart rate and
blood pressure, release of glucose and FFAs
- Speaking in public
- Parachute training
- Erotic movies, thrillers, horrors
- Exam
- Hypnosis (fear, exercise)
- Homeostasis
➔ Feedback mechanisms (balance)
- Feedback
- Setpoint: body returns always to this point
- Failure of homeostasis (pathology)
The effect of food deprivation and forced overfeeding is compensated
- Negative feedback: the response counteracts the stimulus,
shutting off the response loop
Initial stimulus → response → stimulus
- Negative feedback loop:
, - Positive feedback: the response reinforces the stimulus, sending the variable farther from
the setpoint
Integrative physiology and homeostasis: bodily functions are integrated
➔ Requires communication
➔ Ways of communication:
o Nervous system
o Blood
o Lymph
o Air
o Water
➔ Communication tools:
o Neurotransmitters
o Hormones
o Pheromonen
Chemical messengers and regulatory factors:
- Autocrine:
- Paracrine:
-
- Endocrine: done by hormones,
- Neuroendocrine:
- Neurotransmission:
Insulin: hormone released in the bloodstream, travelling to the organs (endocrine/paracrine)
CCK(hormone) is released in the gut after a meal
- Paracrine: activating enzyme
- Endocrine: release of insulin by the pancreatic B-cell
- Neural: stimulation of the afferent neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system →
satiation
Communication between individuals → pheromones
- Androsterone: reproductive signal
released into the air
, Vomeronasal organ, makes it possible to have sex
➔ Hole in the nose
➔ The same menstruation cycle, was synchronized when the girls like each other
➔ Signal comes in but always brain area that can decide to ignore or not
The nervous system
- Central nervous system (CNS)
o Brain, in the skull
o Spinal cord, in the spine
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
➔ Located outside of the skull and spine
➔ Serves to bring information into the CNS and carry signals out of the CNS
o Somatic nervous system
▪ Afferent nerves (to the brain)
▪ Efferent nerves( down to the body)
▪ Muscles can be activated
o Autonomic nervous system
▪ Sympathic and parasympathic nerves
▪ Both afferent and efferent nerves
▪ Goes autonomically
-
-
System that is rules by the brain
- Store energy: nerves assimilateurs
- Release energy: nerves desassimilateurs
Autonomic nervous system
- Innervates those systems that cannot be controlled by the conscious brain such as heart,
smooth muscle, blood vessels, most visceral organs and all endocrine glands
- Nervous parasympathetic and sympathetic system
- All the organs in the belly that work automatically
- Controlled by the brain but don’t notice it
Plays an important role in the integration of peripheral body functions
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller noellevdz. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $3.22. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
52510 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now