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Translation and Genetic Code Notes
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PDF file containing notes from Translation and Genetic Code lesson in Biology. Content is for A-level/ 1st yr uni students
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🍮Gene Regulation
Created @January 20, 2025 4:46 PM
Class Cells to Systems
Cells are able to change gene expression
Skin cell can be manipulated, transitioning into a tadpole. Genomes can be
reprogrammed according to motives. Gene expression must be controlled and
regulated, but other genes can be unexpressed entirely
Factors in Controlling Cellular Protein Quantity/ Activity
Amount of primary RNA transcript made (Full control over everything else
that follows)
Pre-mRNA processing into mRNA
Degradation rate of mRNA (How much mRNA is present)
Protein quantity produced from mRNA
Protein activity being altered
How efficient a protein is at going to a specific location
Degradation rate of protein
Constitutive Genes
Essential part in cells
Performs housekeeping function, constantly expressed
Gene is always active
Gene Regulation 1
, Inducible (Are not always expressed) and Repressible Genes
Required for cell growth under distinctive environmental conditions
Gene product synthesis that’s controlled by regulatory mechanisms
Conserved regions- Areas that are unchanged
TTGACA/TATAAT- Highly conserved areas
UP element assists in recognition of the polymerase
Regulation at Transcription Initiation
(+/-) Encourages interaction of RNA polymerase
(-) Hinders/ controls access of RNA Polymerase to promoter
(+) Activators used to enhance polymerase- promoter activity
Main Mechanisms in Regulating Transcription in Bacteria
Use of different sigma factors in RNA polymerase
Sigma 70/ sigma 32 (Sigma factor)
Recognises different promoter classes
Allows for different gene set coordinated expression
Binding Transcription Factors (Other Proteins) to Promoters
Recognises promoters of certain genes
Accessory proteins
Positive or negative influence
Able to bind small signalling molecules
Gene Regulation 2
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