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Summary Paper 1 Psychology (Attachment) AQA A -level
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Providing an in depth attachment guide for Paper 1 Psychology AQA A - level
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Paper 1 : Topic 3 : Attachment3.1 CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS IN HUMANS
Key Concepts:
1. Reciprocity:
○ Caregiver and infant respond to each other’s signals, developing a bond.
○ Example: A baby cries, and the caregiver soothes them.
2. Interactional Synchrony:
○ Caregiver and infant mirror each other’s actions in a coordinated way, like
matching facial expressions or gestures. ( see below)
Key Study: Meltzoff and Moore (1977):
■ Aim: Investigate interactional synchrony in infants.
■ Procedure: Controlled observation of infants as caregivers displayed
specific facial expressions or gestures.
■ Findings: Infants as young as 2 weeks old mirrored the caregiver’s
actions.
■ Conclusion: Interactional synchrony is important for the development of
attachment.
Evaluation of Meltzoff and Moore (1977):
Strength: High control in laboratory settings ensures reliable data.
Limitation: Hard to determine whether these interactions are intentional or innate.
, 3.2 SCHAFFER’S STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
Key Study: Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
Aim:
Investigate the development of attachment.
Procedure:
○ 60 infants from Glasgow were studied in their homes at monthly intervals for
the first 18 months.
○ Observations focused on separation anxiety and stranger anxiety.
Findings:
○ By 7 months, most infants had a specific attachment to the caregiver who was
most responsive to their needs (not necessarily the one who fed them).
○ Multiple attachments developed after the primary attachment.
Conclusion:
Attachment develops in stages.
Stages of Attachment:
1. Asocial Stage (0–6 weeks):
○ Similar responses to humans and objects.
2. Indiscriminate Attachment (6 weeks–6 months):
○ Preference for humans over objects, but no specific attachments yet.
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