Summary
Summary Edward IV's Reigns (both)
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both of Edward IV's reigns domestic and foreign policy
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Edward Domestic PolicyPolicy: 1st Rule 2nd Rule
Patronage ● Reconciliation towards the Lancastrians ● Edward did not have an issue with
for forgiveness was his main attempt to retaining because of his position as a
settle the Lancastrians. Edward did not strong king so the nobles were less
have a lot of land to give away as well as inclined to sort out their private feuds
titles which weakened his ability to do by fighting
this- however this did not anger anymore ● Fewer men were being retained by
● Created new Yorkist nobility by rewarding nobles in the 1470s due to stability
the gentry and peace
○ Humphrey Stafford was named a ● He called upon nobles to offer him
Baron advice in council when it was needed
● Gave most of the land to Neville to create ● 1471 saw an increase in lower ranked
a stronger alliance with the family but men who had a better ability who
was not enough in 1470. This was also Edward could rely on such as Bishop
similar to Henry’s patronage during his Morton of Ely, Lord Hastings and
reign Willian Parr. These men helped with
○ Percy land was given to Warwick judicial matters and policy decisions
and Lord Montagu ● He was seen as generous and even
sometimes weak due to the number of
pardons he issued, his use of
patronage, and his failure to tackle
retaining but he was also seen as
merciless
● Treason still occurred when the Duke
of Clarence called Elizabeth
Woodville a witch, despite being
pardoned by Edward after his betrayal
by rebelling with Warwick. Clarence
was executed in 1478 by being
drowned in wine.
Financial ● Henry = Crown revenue went from ● Tackled the problem of piracy
Policy £90,000 to £24,000 as debts and wages because it interfered with foreign
were never paid, meaning nobody would policy and the raising of custom duties
loan them money as they would not get it ● Edward’s greatest achievements was
back. By the end of his first reign, Ed was his financial policies as he was able to
given loans inherit Henry’s £350,000 of debt and
● Two taxes were implemented for war; the pay it all off by his death
1462 tax for a Scottish war and the 1468 ● He continued to use the Chamber
tax against France. Edward did not fight System of Finance to make the most
these wars which angered people as it of his Crown lands.
was wasting their money ● The Land Revenue Experiment was
● Custom taxes were implemented (tax on developed as all the money from the
what was brought in and out of the land went into the Crown’s
country)at the start of his first reign. They possession, but was temporarily going
increased with truces and the to the Chamber
Commercial treaty with Burgundy in 1467 ● Clarence's land in 1478 brought a
as cloth sales doubled. This became significant increase in the King's
more prevalent in the second reign income when he gained it after his
● In 1461, Royal estates were made it so to death
have admission and visit them a fee was ● Custom duties brought in a additional
paid to make as much money as possible £35000 a year due to the
● Land Revenue Experiment: improvement of trade with Northern
○ Previously farmed out land at a Europe as Edward showed a personal
fixed rate which benefited farmers interest in trade as he was engaged in
more than king the export of wool, cloth and tin
○ Changed how much money ● There was a lack of war due to
, earned from land and didn’t make Edward’s success in limiting piracy
them angry ● The 1475 Treaty of Picquigny with
● Chamber System of Finance: France resulted in an annual pension
○ Previously money went to of 50,000 gold crowns meaning
Exchequer Edward was able to ‘live on his own’.
○ Instead went directly to chamber This benefited the people of England
is King’s household which was as they did not have to be as heavily
obtained and spent quicker taxed by parliament to support his
○ Under direct control of King lifestyle for the rest of his reign. This
also removed any trade restrictions
with France
● January 1476 Margaret was handed
over to the King of France by Edward
in return of £10,000 and her
renouncing all her claims to land and
ties in England
Law and Order ● 1468= most forms of retainers made North:
illegal which angered some nobility - Richard Duke of Gloucester and
● Announced he would enforce law with Henry Percy (Northumberland) put in
Warwick’s help at beginning of reign charge as they were local landowners
● Toured areas of North and Midlands- and were respected so lacked
Lanc power bases (Percy/ Neville southern suspicion
rebellions) - Richared went into exile with
● Oversaw treason cases himself Ed and fought for him but later
● Legislation restricted liveries which put a betrayed Ed’s son using his
limit on how many retainers a noble could power base in the North
have which red to some unrest Wales:
● End of reign= some noble feuding -Issue about who to put in charge as William
○ Battle of Nibley Green 1470 Herburt was previously in charge but had
● Disorder towards end of reign because of died and son was not good enough so was
poor harvests, economic hardship and given a different earldom
alleged money wasting - Jasper Tudor remained there until 1471
○ Taxes and nobles - A council was set up at Ludlow where
● Allowed some retaining by licence by eldest son could live which provided
personally asking people administration for Wales and Welsh Marches
○ Didn’t solve favouritism and -Household ran by Anthony Earl Rivers
problem (Woodville) which upset Buckingham but was
not really a Woodvilled controlled household
(Just one person)
Ireland:
- York was popular there so had
support for Ed
- Ed left them alone due to no
real problems
- Earl of Kildare was happy about Ed
becoming king and didn’t support
Henry
- Became Deputy of Ireland
(important position)
- Edward tried to make Lord
Gray deputy in 1478 but only
lasted a year
- As long as Kindare
was in charge= no
problems but loss of
control for Ed
● Set to improve the efficiency of
government and did this through a
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