TEST BANK− PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION BY KATHRYN L.
MCCANCE , SUE E. HUETHER| FULL GUIDE WITH NEWEST UPDATED
CHAPTERS| 100 % VERIFIED QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
ANSWERS|NEWEST UPDATE
,Table of Contents
PART 1: CENTRAL CONCEPTS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: CELLS AND TISSUES .............................................. 4
UNIT I THE CELL......................................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 01: CELLULAR BIOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 02: ALTERED CELLULAR AND TISSUE BIOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS ...................... 22
CHAPTER 03: THE CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT: FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES, ACIDS AND BASES ........ 40
UNIT II: GENES AND GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION ................................................................... 57
CHAPTER 04: GENES AND GENETIC DISEASES .................................................................................... 57
CHAPTER 05: GENES, ENVIRONMENT-LIFESTYLE, AND COMMON DISEASES ..................................... 72
CHAPTER 06: EPIGENETICS AND DISEASE ........................................................................................... 83
UNIT III: MECHANISMS OF SELF-DEFENSE ............................................................................................. 89
CHAPTER 07: INNATE IMMUNITY: INFLAMMATION ........................................................................... 89
CHAPTER 08: ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY.................................................................................................. 109
CHAPTER 09: ALTERATIONS IN IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION ................................................... 125
CHAPTER 10: INFECTION ................................................................................................................... 143
CHAPTER 11: STRESS AND DISEASE................................................................................................... 155
UNIT IV. CELLULAR PROLIFERATION: CANCER..................................................................................... 164
CHAPTER 12: CANCER BIOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 164
CHAPTER 13: CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY ............................................................................................. 182
CHAPTER 14: CANCER IN CHILDREN ................................................................................................. 189
PART 2: PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC ALTERATIONS: ORGANS AND SYSTEMS .................................................. 196
UNIT V: THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM ..................................................................................................... 196
CHAPTER 15: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM ...................................... 196
CHAPTER 16: PAIN, TEMPERATURE REGULATION, SLEEP, AND SENSORY FUNCTION...................... 211
CHAPTER 17: ALTERATIONS IN COGNITIVE SYSTEMS, CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, AND MOTOR
FUNCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 231
CHAPTER 18: DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS AND THE
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION .......................................................................................................... 250
CHAPTER 19: NEUROBIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA, MOOD DISORDERS, AND ANXIETY DISORDERS
.......................................................................................................................................................... 264
CHAPTER 20: ALTERATIONS OF NEUROLOGIC FUNCTION IN CHILDREN .......................................... 273
UNIT VI: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM....................................................................................................... 282
CHAPTER 21: MECHANISMS OF HORMONAL REGULATION ............................................................. 282
CHAPTER 22: ALTERATIONS OF HORMONAL REGULATION .............................................................. 295
, CHAPTER 23: OBESITY AND DISORDERS OF NUTRITION ................................................................... 312
UNIT VII: THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS.............................................................................................. 319
CHAPTER 24: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS ................................ 319
CHAPTER 25: ALTERATIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM............................................ 332
CHAPTER 26: ALTERATIONS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ............................................... 344
CHAPTER 27: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS ........................................................................ 352
UNIT VIII: THE HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM ............................................................................................... 364
CHAPTER 28: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM ................................... 364
CHAPTER 29: ALTERATIONS OF ERYTHROCYTES, PLATELETS, AND HEMOSTATIC FUNCTION .......... 377
CHAPTER 30: ALTERATIONS OF LEUKOCYTE AND LYMPHOID FUNCTION ........................................ 391
CHAPTER 31: ALTERATIONS OF HEMATOLOGIC FUNCTION IN CHILDREN ....................................... 400
UNIT IX: THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS ............................................................. 414
CHAPTER 32: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS 414
CHAPTER 33: ALTERATIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION ........................................................ 431
CHAPTER 34: ALTERATIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION IN CHILDREN .................................. 451
UNIT X: THE PULMONARY SYSTEM ...................................................................................................... 462
CHAPTER 35: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE PULMONARY SYSTEM ...................................... 462
CHAPTER 36: ALTERATIONS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION ................................................................ 475
CHAPTER 37: ALTERATIONS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION IN CHILDREN ........................................... 497
UNIT XI: THE RENAL AND UROLOGIC SYSTEMS ................................................................................... 508
CHAPTER 38: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE RENAL AND UROLOGIC SYSTEMS ..................... 508
CHAPTER 39: ALTERATIONS OF RENAL AND URINARY TRACT FUNCTION ........................................ 521
CHAPTER 40: ALTERATIONS OF RENAL AND URINARY TRACT FUNCTION IN CHILDREN .................. 535
UNIT XII: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ........................................................................................................ 545
CHAPTER 41: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ........................................... 545
CHAPTER 42: ALTERATIONS OF DIGESTIVE FUNCTION ..................................................................... 561
CHAPTER 43: ALTERATIONS OF DIGESTIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN ............................................... 576
UNIT XIII: THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ........................................................................................ 588
CHAPTER 44: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ........................... 588
CHAPTER 45: ALTERATIONS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL FUNCTION...................................................... 604
CHAPTER 46: ALTERATIONS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL FUNCTION IN CHILDREN ................................ 621
UNIT XIV: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ........................................................................................... 634
CHAPTER 47: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND DISORDERS OF THE INTEGUMENT.............................. 634
, CHAPTER 48: ALTERATIONS OF THE INTEGUMENT IN CHILDREN .................................................... 650
UNIT XV: MULTIPLE INTERACTING SYSTEMS....................................................................................... 660
CHAPTER 49: SHOCK, MULTIPLE ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME, AND BURNS IN ADULTS ...... 660
CHAPTER 50: SHOCK, MULTIPLE ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME, AND BURNS IN CHILDREN ... 670
PART 1: CENTRAL CONCEPTS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: CELLS AND TISSUES
UNIT I THE CELL
CHAPTER 01: CELLULAR BIOLOGY
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. WHICH STATEMENT BEST DESCRIBES THE CELLULAR FUNCTION OF METABOLIC ABSORPTION?
A. CELLS CAN PRODUCE PROTEINS.
B. CELLS CAN SECRETE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES.
C. CELLS CAN TAKE IN AND USE NUTRIENTS.
D. CELLS CAN SYNTHESIZE FATS.
ANSWER>>C
IN METABOLIC ABSORPTION, ALL CELLS TAKE IN AND USE NUTRIENTS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES FROM
THEIR SURROUNDINGS. THE REMAINING OPTIONS ARE NOT INCLUSIVE IN THEIR DESCRIPTIONS OF
CELLULAR METABOLIC ABSORPTION.
PTS: 1 DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
2. WHERE IS MOST OF A CELL’S GENETIC INFORMATION, INCLUDING RNA AND DNA, CONTAINED?
A. MITOCHONDRIA
B. RIBOSOME
C. NUCLEOLUS
D. LYSOSOME
ANSWER>>C
THE NUCLEUS CONTAINS THE NUCLEOLUS, A SMALL DENSE STRUCTURE COMPOSED LARGELY OF RNA,
MOST OF THE CELLULAR DNA, AND THE DNA-BINDING PROTEINS, SUCH AS THE HISTONES, WHICH
REGULATE ITS ACTIVITY. THE MITOCHONDRIA ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND
,ENERGY PRODUCTION. RIBOSOMES’ CHIEF FUNCTION IS TO PROVIDE SITES FOR CELLULAR PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS. LYSOSOMES FUNCTION AS THE INTRACELLULAR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
PTS: 1 DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
3. WHICH COMPONENT OF THE CELL PRODUCES HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) BY USING OXYGEN
TO REMOVE HYDROGEN ATOMS FROM SPECIFIC SUBSTRATES IN AN OXIDATIVE REACTION?
A. LYSOSOMES
B. PEROXISOMES
C. RIBOSOMES
D. ENDOSOME
ANSWER>>B
PEROXISOMES ARE SO NAMED BECAUSE THEY USUALLY CONTAIN ENZYMES THAT USE OXYGEN TO
REMOVE HYDROGEN ATOMS FROM SPECIFIC SUBSTRATES IN AN OXIDATIVE REACTION THAT PRODUCES
H2O2, WHICH IS A POWERFUL OXIDANT AND POTENTIALLY DESTRUCTIVE IF IT ACCUMULATES OR
ESCAPES FROM PEROXISOMES. RIBOSOMES ARE RNA- PROTEIN COMPLEXES (NUCLEOPROTEINS) THAT
ARE SYNTHESIZED IN THE NUCLEOLUS AND SECRETED INTO THE CYTOPLASM THROUGH PORES IN THE
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE CALLED NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEXES. LYSOSOMES ARE SACLIKE STRUCTURES THAT
ORIGINATE FROM THE GOLGI COMPLEX AND CONTAIN MORE THAN 40 DIGESTIVE ENZYMES CALLED
HYDROLASES, WHICH CATALYZE BONDS IN PROTEINS, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, AND CARBOHYDRATES.
AN ENDOSOME IS A VESICAL THAT HAS BEEN PINCHED OFF FROM THE CELLULAR MEMBRANE.
PTS: 1 DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
4. WHICH CELL COMPONENT IS CAPABLE OF CELLULAR AUTODIGESTION WHEN IT IS RELEASED
DURING CELL INJURY?
A. RIBOSOME
B. GOLGI COMPLEX
C. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
D. LYSOSOMES
ANSWER>>D
THE LYSOSOMAL MEMBRANE ACTS AS A PROTECTIVE SHIELD BETWEEN THE POWERFUL DIGESTIVE
ENZYMES WITHIN THE LYSOSOME AND THE CYTOPLASM, PREVENTING THEIR LEAKAGE INTO THE
CYTOPLASMIC MATRIX. DISRUPTION OF THE MEMBRANE BY VARIOUS TREATMENTS OR CELLULAR
INJURY LEADS TO A RELEASE OF THE LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES, WHICH CAN THEN REACT WITH THEIR
SPECIFIC SUBSTRATES, CAUSING CELLULAR SELF-DIGESTION. THE CHIEF FUNCTION OF A RIBOSOME IS
, TO PROVIDE SITES FOR CELLULAR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. THE GOLGI COMPLEX IS A NETWORK OF
FLATTENED, SMOOTH VESICLES AND MEMBRANES OFTEN LOCATED NEAR THE CELL NUCLEUS. THE
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM IS INVOLVED IN STEROID HORMONE PRODUCTION AND
REMOVING TOXIC SUBSTANCES FROM THE CELL.
PTS: 1 DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
5. WHICH CAMP-MEDIATED RESPONSE IS RELATED TO ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE?
A. INCREASED HEART RATE AND FORCE OF CONTRACTION
B. SECRETION OF CORTISOL
C. INCREASED RETENTION OF WATER
D. BREAKDOWN OF FAT
ANSWER>>C
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE LEADS TO INCREASED RETENTION OF WATER IN THE BODY. EPINEPHRINE
CAUSES INCREASES IN HEART RATE AND FORCE OF CONTRACTION. INCREASED CORTISOL SECRETION IS
DUE TO ACTH. BREAKDOWN OF FAT IS DUE TO GLUCAGON.
PTS: 1 DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
6. DURING WHICH PHASE OF THE CELL CYCLE IS DNA SYNTHESIZED?
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
ANSWER>>B
THE FOUR DESIGNATED PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE ARE: (1) THE G1 PHASE (G = GAP), WHICH IS THE
PERIOD BETWEEN THE M PHASE (M = MITOSIS) AND THE START OF DNA SYNTHESIS; (2) THE S PHASE (S
= SYNTHESIS), DURING WHICH DNA IS SYNTHESIZED IN THE CELL NUCLEUS; (3) THE G2 PHASE, DURING
WHICH RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OCCURS, THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE COMPLETION OF DNA
SYNTHESIS AND THE NEXT PHASE (M); AND (4) THE M PHASE, WHICH INCLUDES NUCLEAR AND
CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION.
PTS: 1 DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: REMEMBERING
