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Unit 18 Assignment 1 Genetics DNA, RNA, tRNA, & rRNA (PASS)
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Genes and DNADNA obtains its name from deoxyribose acid a type of nucleic acid, however gets its significance from its
unique structure. Nucleic acids are very large molecules which contain two main parts: A backbone of nucleic
acid is made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules. Phosphate molecules are salts which derivative of
phosphoric acid and are composed of phosphorus and oxygen, this allows it to play a major role in biological
processes.
sugar phospha sugar phospha .
te te .
Nucleic acids are made up of polynucleotide chains which are formed by many nucleotides bonded together.
The sugar is the 3’end, and the phosphate is the 5’end of each nucleotide. Each nucleic acid contains millions
of bases bonded to it. The polynucleotide chain is made of three parts: a five-sugar carbon (pentose), an
organic base that contains nitrogen and a phosphate group. A nucleotide has two various kinds of sugars
deoxyribose and ribose. Deoxyribose sugar present in the nucleotides form DNA whilst ribose sugar forms
RNA in the polynucleotide chain. Consequently, the order in which these nucleotide bases appear in the
nucleic acid is the coding for information carried in the molecule. Nucleotide bases are the genetic alphabet in
which a structure of each protein becomes encoded. In the nucleotide there are 5 different bases. These bases
are adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), guanine (G), and uracil (U). Uracil is only found in RNA whilst
thymine is only present in DNA. Each base can be identified by the first letter of its name.
Adenine is a molecule that transports energy needed for work in cells and is made of carbon,
nitrogen, and hydrogen. Its job is to help stabilize the nucleic acid in molecules. Its chemical formula is
C5H5N5.
Thymine serves as the main stabilizer to ensure that the DNA “ladder” has a solid foundation. Its
chemical formula is C5H6N2O2.
Cytosine is full of nitrogen atoms. It can be easily converted into other bases, so it is often known as
the wild card base. Its chemical formula is C4H5N3O.
Guanine performs important functions in the cellular metabolism. Its chemical formula is C5H5N5O.
DNA Is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. The majority of DNA is in the cell
nucleus however, some can be found in the mitochondria. In the year 1953 James Watson, Francis Crick,
Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin figured the structure of DNA which is a double helix, structured like a
ladder phosphate and sugar molecules as the sides the bases being the rungs, which they further realised
could carry biological information. The bases at one strand will pair with the bases on the other strand:
Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T). Adenine and Thymine bond together as they establish to hydrogen bonds
between then. While Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G). Cytosine and Guanine bond together as they both
share three hydrogen bonds. The two sides of the DNA ladder are held loosely together by hydrogen bonds. If
a chain is upside it is said to be antiparallel. Antiparallel is when two molecules are side by side but run in
opposite directions, the head of one strand is always laid against the tail of the other strand.They’re held
loosely so the DNA can “unzip” when it needs to replicate and new nucleotides are added to the side. Human
DNA is said to have around three billion bases.
suga phosphat suga phosphat suga phosphat suga ..
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