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Object-Oriented Programming in Java: Concepts and Examples
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This document explains Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java, covering key concepts like classes and objects, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and abstraction. Learn how to apply OOP principles in Java with practical examples. Perfect for second-year Computer Science students.

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  • January 23, 2025
  • 5
  • 2024/2025
  • Other
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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts
in Java

1. Class and Object
 Class: A blueprint for creating objects (a particular data structure), defining
fields (attributes) and methods (functions) that describe the behavior of the
objects.
 Object: An instance of a class. It has its own unique state and can call
methods defined in the class.

Example:

class Car {
String model;
int year;

void start() {
System.out.println("The car is starting.");
}
}

public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Car myCar = new Car();
myCar.model = "Toyota";
myCar.year = 2020;
myCar.start();
}
}

, 2. Encapsulation
 The process of wrapping data (variables) and code (methods) together as a
single unit.
 It hides the internal state of the object from the outside world and only
allows access through public methods (getters and setters).
 Access modifiers: private, protected, public.

Example:

class Account {
private double balance;

public double getBalance() {
return balance;
}

public void deposit(double amount) {
if (amount > 0) {
balance += amount;
}
}

public void withdraw(double amount) {
if (amount > 0 && balance >= amount) {
balance -= amount;
}
}
}


3. Inheritance
 A mechanism where one class acquires the properties and behaviors
(methods) of another class.
 It allows for code reuse and method overriding.
 A class that inherits from another is called a subclass, and the class it
inherits from is the superclass.

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