EXAM 1 COGSCI 200 BOLLARD QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS

EXAM 1 COGSCI 200 BOLLARD QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS three levels of explanation - functional, algorithmic, physical functional level - problem the capacity is supposed to solve algorithmic level - procedures that enable the problem to be solved physical level - the neural/chemical substrates in which the procedures are implemented functional level of visual perception - the inverse optics problem algorithmic level of visual perception - bayes' rule functional level of language - mapping from sounds to meanings algorithmic level of language - phrase structure trees tacit knowledge - things you "know" but cannot readily articulate unconscious processing - things your mind does without your awareness modularity - functional specialization within the mind/brain 2Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 innateness - generally speaking, knowledge that is natural or inborn; however, there is no exact consensus of how it is defined rationality - logic and reasoning, doing the right thing heuristics and biases program - holds that people are pretty bad at logical reasoning, probability, and statistics; we make judgements using simplifying heuristics heuristic - a shortcut thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms neuroeconomics program - holds that the brain is outfitted with sophisticated mechanisms for rapidly and accurately doing logical reasoning, probability, and statistics dual process models - models of behavior that account for both implicit: fast, automatic, effortless, and explicit: slow, controlled, effortful, processes trolley problem - a moral dilemma used to study moral decision making; involves a speeding train headed towards five people that are on the track, and you have the option of diverting the train to another track which only has one person on it; however, then you are responsible inverse optics problem - P(H|data); for any 2D image, there's an infinite number of 3D worlds consistent with that image; highly underdetermined inference problem 3Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 inner picture theory of perception - false theory suggesting that perception works like a camera—what we end up with is a picture that is a straight up representation of what is out there in the world; primary issue is that it fails to account for who is doing the perceiving, and would end up in an infinite loop of perceivers within each others' minds functions - mappings from inputs to outputs well-specified functional problem - one-to-one mapping from input to output; problem is easy to solve not well-specified functional problem - one-to-many mapping from input to output; problem is very difficult to solve perception - the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events; a multi-step, inferential process, and a function going from 2d retinal input to a 3d representation of a scene probabilistic inference - the computation of posterior probabilities for hypothesis given observed data; thoughtless process that shows how many ordinary inferences involve hidden assumptions 4Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 perceptual inference problem - the problem of inverse optics: getting from the input (a 2d pattern of light on the retina) to the output (a 3d representation of reality); can only be solved by relying on assumptions how the mind works (steven pinker) - argued that to solve the problem of inverse optics, the brain supplies missing information through innate assumptions we make about our surroundings hidden assumptions for visual perception - 1) there is a single overhead light source 2) things that are in shadow are really lighter in color than what my sensors currently detect 3) things tend to move in a straight line (straight line) 4) all points on a moving object are assumed to move in s