Complete samenvatting van de lesstof voor het vak Biologische Grondslagen Cognitie
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Course
Biologische grondslagen (PB0612)
Institution
Open Universiteit (OU)
Book
The Student\'s Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience
Complete samenvatting van de lesstof voor het vak Biologische Grondslagen Cognitie. De samenvatting is volledig Nederlandstalig maar bevat de belangrijkste termen tevens in het Engels. Verplichte extra literatuur is inbegrepen, evenals belangrijke illustraties uit het boek.
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Samenvatting
Biologische grondslagen: Cognitie
The Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience 4th edition – Jamie Ward
2024
Sabine Koning
,DEEL I: HET BREIN ....................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Het brein ontleed .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Voorkennis activeren .................................................................................................................................... 4
Hoofdstuk 2: Introducing the brain .................................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Structuur en functie van het neuron ...................................................................................................... 7
2.2 De grove structuur van het brein ............................................................................................................ 7
2.3 De cerebrale cortex ............................................................................................................................... 10
2.4 De subcortex ......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.5 De midden- en kleine hersenen............................................................................................................ 11
2. Het brein in ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................ 12
Hoofdstuk 6: The developing brain................................................................................................................. 12
6.1 Structurele ontwikkeling van het brein ................................................................................................ 12
6.2 Functionele ontwikkeling van het brein ............................................................................................... 13
6.3 Nature en Nurture m.b.t. individuele verschillen ................................................................................. 13
Kolb B. & Wishaw I. – Fundamentals of human neuropsychology ................................................................. 16
23.2 Ontwikkeling van het menselijk brein ................................................................................................ 16
23.3 Ontwikkeling van het brein in beeld ....................................................................................................... 17
23.5 Omgevingsinvloeden op de ontwikkeling van het brein .................................................................... 17
3: Het brein in beeld............................................................................................................................................ 19
Hoofdstuk 3: The electrophysiological brain .................................................................................................. 19
3.1 Neurale representaties: single-cell recordings ..................................................................................... 19
3.2 Elektro-encefalogram (EEG) en gebeurtenis-gerelateerde potentialen (ERPs) .................................... 19
3.3 Mentale chronometrie in elektro-fysiologische en cognitieve psychologie ......................................... 21
3.4 Magneto-encefalografie (MEG) ............................................................................................................ 21
Hoofdstuk 4: The imaged brain ...................................................................................................................... 22
4.1 Structurele beeldvorming ..................................................................................................................... 22
4.2 Functionele beeldvorming .................................................................................................................... 22
Deel II: Cognitieve functies ........................................................................................................................ 24
4. Horen .............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Hoofdstuk 8: The hearing brain ...................................................................................................................... 24
8.1 De herkomst van geluid ........................................................................................................................ 24
8.2 Van oor naar brein ................................................................................................................................ 24
8.3 Basis verwerking van auditieve informatie ........................................................................................... 25
8.4 Muzikale perceptie ............................................................................................................................... 26
8.5 Stem perceptie ...................................................................................................................................... 28
8.6 Spraak perceptie ................................................................................................................................... 28
5. Aandacht ......................................................................................................................................................... 30
Hoofdstuk 9: The attending brain ................................................................................................................... 30
9.1 Spatiële en niet-spatiële aandachtsprocessen ..................................................................................... 30
9.2 De rol van het frontaal-pariëtale netwerk bij aandacht ....................................................................... 30
9.3 Aandachtstheorieën ............................................................................................................................. 32
Feature integration theory ..................................................................................................................... 32
Biased competition theory ..................................................................................................................... 33
Premotor theory of attention ................................................................................................................. 33
9.4 Neglect als kwaal van spatiële aandacht en bewustzijn ....................................................................... 33
6. Actie ................................................................................................................................................................ 35
Hoofdstuk 10: The acting brain....................................................................................................................... 35
10.1 Een algemeen cognitief raamwerk voor beweging en handelen ....................................................... 35
10.2 De rol van de frontaalkwabben bij beweging en handelen ................................................................ 36
Primaire motorische cortext ................................................................................................................... 36
Frontal eye fields..................................................................................................................................... 36
Lateral & medial premotor cortex .......................................................................................................... 36
Prefrontale bijdragen .............................................................................................................................. 37
2
, 10.3 Eigenaarschap en bewust handelen ................................................................................................... 37
10.4 Handelingsbegrip en imitatie.............................................................................................................. 37
10.5 Handelen naar objecten ..................................................................................................................... 38
10.6 Fronto-striatal en cerebellar netwerken bij handelen ........................................................................ 39
Hypokinetische stoornissen aan de basale ganglia ................................................................................ 39
Hyperkinetische stoornissen aan de basale ganglia ............................................................................... 39
7. Geheugen ........................................................................................................................................................ 41
Hoofdstuk 11: The remembering brain .......................................................................................................... 41
11.1 Korte termijn en werkgeheugen ......................................................................................................... 41
Fonologische korte termijngeheugen ..................................................................................................... 41
Visuospatieel korte termijngeheugen..................................................................................................... 41
11.2 Verschillende soorten lange termijngeheugen ................................................................................... 42
11.3 Geheugenverlies ................................................................................................................................. 42
Geheugenverlies binnen episodisch geheugen ...................................................................................... 43
Geheugenverlies in korte termijn geheugen .......................................................................................... 43
Geheugenverlies in procedureel en perceptueel (impliciet) geheugen ................................................. 43
Geheugenverlies in semantisch geheugen ............................................................................................. 43
11.4 Functies van de hippocampus en mediale temporaalkwabben bij geheugen ................................... 44
Consolidatie theorie ............................................................................................................................... 44
Multiple trace theory/trace transformation theory ............................................................................... 45
Cognitieve plattegrond theorie............................................................................................................... 45
11.5 Theorieën over herinneren, weten en vergeten ................................................................................ 45
11.6 De rol van de prefrontale cortex bij lange termijngeheugen ............................................................. 47
8. Executieve functies.......................................................................................................................................... 48
Hoofdstuk 15: The executive brain ................................................................................................................. 48
15.1 Anatomische en functionele divisies van de prefrontale cortex ........................................................ 48
15.2 Executieve functies in de praktijk ....................................................................................................... 49
15.3 De organisatie van executieve functies .............................................................................................. 50
“Hot” vs “Cold” controle processen ....................................................................................................... 50
Multiple demand network ...................................................................................................................... 50
Achter-naar-voor hiërarchie?.................................................................................................................. 51
Verschillen tussen beide hemisferen ...................................................................................................... 52
15.4 De rol van de anterior cingulate in executieve functies ..................................................................... 52
9. Emoties ........................................................................................................................................................... 54
Hoofdstuk 16: The social and emotional brain ............................................................................................... 54
16.1 Emotietheorieën ................................................................................................................................. 54
16.2 Neuraal mechanisme voor emotieverwerking ................................................................................... 55
Amygdala ................................................................................................................................................ 55
Insula....................................................................................................................................................... 55
Orbitofrontal cortex ................................................................................................................................ 55
Anterior cingulate ................................................................................................................................... 56
Ventral striatum ...................................................................................................................................... 56
16.3 Gezichten lezen ................................................................................................................................... 56
16.4 Andere geesten begrijpen .................................................................................................................. 57
Empathie ................................................................................................................................................. 57
Autisme ................................................................................................................................................... 57
Neurale basis theory of mind ................................................................................................................. 58
Frith & Frith - How we predict what other people are going to do................................................................ 59
Kennis van andere mensen ......................................................................................................................... 59
Kennis van handelingen, intenties, gevoelens en overtuigingen ............................................................... 59
Bottom-up en top-down processen van sociale cognitie ........................................................................... 59
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