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ISDS Final Exam with complete solutions graded A+

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ISDS Final Exam with complete
solutions graded A+ 2025-2026

Probability is the
a. number of successes divided by the standard deviation of the distribution.
b. number of successes divided by the number of failures.
c. numerical measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.
d. chance that an event will not happen. - correct answer ✔✔numerical measure
of the likelihood that an event will occur.

A __________ describes the range and relative likelihood of all possible values for
a random variable.
a. probability mass function of an event
b. probability distribution for a random variable
c. probability
d. density function - correct answer ✔✔probability distribution for a random
variable

An initial estimate of the probabilities of events is a __________ probability.
a. empirical
b. posterior
c. conditional
d. prior - correct answer ✔✔prior

,Bayes' theorem is a method used to compute __________ probabilities.
a. empirical
b. posterior
c. conditional
d. prior - correct answer ✔✔empirical

All the events in the sample space that are not part of the specified event are
called
a. independent events.
b. joint events.
c. simple events.
d. the complement of the event. - correct answer ✔✔the complement of the
event.

Sample space is
a. the collection of events
b. a process that results in some outcome.
c. a subgroup of a population/the likelihood of an outcome.
d. the collection of all possible outcomes. - correct answer ✔✔the collection of
all possible outcomes.

The event containing the outcomes belonging to A or B or both is the __________
of A and B.
a. intersection
b. union
c. Venn diagram

,d. complement - correct answer ✔✔union

Two events are independent if
a. the probability of one or both events is greater than 1.
b. P(A | B) = P(A) or P(B | A) = P(B).
c. the two events occur at the same time.
d. None of these choices are correct. - correct answer ✔✔b. P(A | B) = P(A) or P(B
| A) = P(B).

Which statement is true about mutually exclusive events?
a. If either event A or event B must occur, they are called mutually exclusive.
b. P(A) + P(B) = 1 for any events A and B that are mutually exclusive.
c. If events A and B cannot occur at the same time, they are called mutually
exclusive.
d. None of these choices are correct. - correct answer ✔✔If events A and B
cannot occur at the same time, they are called mutually exclusive.

A joint probability is the
a. sum of the probabilities of two events.
b. sum of the probabilities of two independent events.
c. probability of the intersection of two events.
d. probability of the union of two events. - correct answer ✔✔probability of the
intersection of two events.

In the probability table below, which value is a marginal probability?

, Completed
Obstacle Course Level
No Yes Total
Challenging 0.4 0.3 0.7
Easy 0.1 0.2 0.3
Total
0.5 0.5 1.0 - correct answer ✔✔0.5

A variable that can only take on specific numeric values is called a
a. discrete random variable.
b. categorical variable.
c. continuous random variable.
d. complex random variable. - correct answer ✔✔discrete random variable.

An experiment consists of determining the speed of automobiles on a highway by
the use of radar equipment. The random variable in this experiment is a
a. discrete random variable.
b. categorical random variable.
c. continuous random variable.
d. complex random variable. - correct answer ✔✔continuous random variable

Which of the following statements is correct?
a. The binomial and normal distributions are both continuous probability
distributions.

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