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Week 5 – 8 Final Exam: NR565 / NR-565 (Latest 2025 / 2026) Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals | Questions with Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A - Chamberlain $7.99
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Week 5 – 8 Final Exam: NR565 / NR-565 (Latest 2025 / 2026) Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals | Questions with Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A - Chamberlain

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Week 5 – 8 Final Exam: NR565 / NR-565 (Latest 2025 / 2026) Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals | Questions with Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A - Chamberlain Week 5: insulin, hyper & hypo thyroidism Question: Ratio of basal insulin to rapid-acting insulin in total daily dose (...

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Week 5 – 8 Final Exam: NR565 / NR-
565 (Latest ) Advanced
Pharmacology Fundamentals |
Questions with Verified Answers |
100% Correct | Grade A -
Chamberlain

Week 5: insulin, hyper & hypo thyroidism



Question:
Ratio of basal insulin to rapid-acting insulin in total daily dose (TDD) of
insulin?
Answer:
*Total daily insulin dose (TDD) calculation includes basal insulin
replacement and bolus insulin replacement. In all: 50% is basal dose and 50%
is rapid acting
*Daily dose - Total weight of patient in kilograms, multiplied by 0.6. Ex: 80kg
(184) x 0.6 units = 24; this means 24 units of the TDD is the basal insulin dose
(long acting) (50%) and the other 24 units of rapid acting bolus/mealtime
insulin (50%).

,Question:
Which drug class should be considered for diabetes prior to insulin?
Answer:
Patients should always be started at step 1 with lifestyle change and
metformin, unless their A1C is greater than 9%, then should be placed on 2
PO medications




Question:
carbohydrate-to insulin ratio when calculating basal insulin
Answer:
Calculated using the 450 rule for regular insulin and the 500 rule for rapid
acting insulin. Ex for rapid acting: 500 divided by 48 = 10.4 (rounded to 10).
Therefore, the carb-to-insulin ratio is 1:10
*If the meal is 60 grams of carbs, 60 divided by 10 = 6 units for carb coverage




Question:
MOA GLP-1 (aka mimetics)
Answer:
*Cause an increase in insulin production and inhibit postprandial glucagon
release and increase satiety.
*may cause pancreatitis; therefore, monitoring of amylase and lipase
*contraindicated in patients with a personal or family history of medullary
thyroid carcinoma or multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2.

,Question:
MOA Biguanide (Metformin)
Answer:
*Decreases Glucose production by the liver and decreases insulin resistance
*contraindicated in patients with renal disease, acidosis from hepatic disease,
alcoholics, or in patients with hypoxia. Laboratory monitoring should include
renal and hepatic function studies.
*Increased risk of lactic acidosis
* metformin should be held with iv contrast (48 hours after) and normal
creatinine is needed before resumption




Question:
MOA Thiazolidinediones (TZD)
Answer:
* enhance insulin sensitivity in muscle tissue and reduce glucagon production
in the liver.
* taken daily with breakfast and can be combined with other diabetic agents.
* avoided in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) as it causes water
retention, history of bladder cancer, active liver disease, type 1 DM, or
pregnancy.
* Regular LFTs monitoring is also recommended due to the action of the drug
in the liver. May cause weight gain.

, Question:
MOA Sulfonylureas
Answer:
* stimulate beta cells of the pancreas to secrete more insulin.


* long half-life and a high risk of severe hypoglycemia.


* cause photosensitivity; therefore, patient education is needed regarding
sunscreen.


* avoided in patients with impaired hepatic or renal function.




Question:
MOA Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4i)
Answer:
* inhibit DPP-4 activity and increase active incretin concentrations which
result in increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon.


* may cause severe and disabling joint pain

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