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NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2

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NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2 NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2 Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier? a. ) Antibacterial fatty acids b. ) Lysozymes in tears c. ) Epithelial cells d. ) Earwax << correct answer >> C. Epithelial cells Epithelial cells form tight junctions...

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  • January 28, 2025
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • Nurs 5315
  • Nurs 5315
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NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2

Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier?
a. ) Antibacterial fatty acids
b. ) Lysozymes in tears
c. ) Epithelial cells
d. ) Earwax << correct answer >> C. Epithelial cells

Epithelial cells form tight junctions that are a physical barrier to entry for organisms.
Sebaceous glands in the skin secrete antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids. Earwax
and lysozymes in tears are examples of biochemical secretions that trap potential
disease-causing microorganisms.

Which statement is true regarding the inflammatory response?
a. ) Inflammatory response is the third line of defense.
b. ) Inflammatory response relies on cellular components only.
c. ) Inflammatory response generates a nonspecific response.
d.) Inflammatory response occurs in nonvascular tissue. << correct answer >> c. )
Inflammatory response generates a nonspecific response.

The inflammatory response is the second line of defense. It occurs at the site of tissue
injury and generates a nonspecific response that involves cellular and chemical
components. The inflammatory response occurs in tissues with a blood supply
(vascularized).

Which receptor is expressed on macrophages and facilitates recognition and
phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens?
a. ) Complement receptors
b. ) Scavenger receptors
c. ) Toll-like receptors
d. )Pattern recognition receptors << correct answer >> b. ) Scavenger receptors

The scavenger receptors are primarily expressed on macrophages and facilitate
recognition and phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens. Complement receptors recognize
a variety of fragments produced through activation of the complement system. Toll-like
receptors are expressed on the surface of cells, including epithelial, mast, neutrophils,
macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. They recognize pathogen-associated
molecular patterns or stressed host cells. Pattern recognition receptors recognize
patterns of infectious molecules. These receptors are found on cells involved in innate
resistance.

Which statement regarding mast cells is true?
a. ) Histamine causes vasoconstriction.

,b. ) Mast cells are found only in blood vessels.
c. ) Snake bites, bee venoms, and toxins may cause activation.
d. ) Mast cells are not involved in allergic reactions. << correct answer >> c. ) Snake
bites, bee venoms, and toxins may cause activation.

A number of things cause the activation of mast cells, including physical injury, chemical
agents (including toxins, bee venom, and snake bites), immunologic means, and
activation of an inflammatory response. Histamine is released from mast cells and
causes vasodilation. Mast cells are found in loose connective tissue close to blood
vessels. Mast cells are involved in initiating many allergic reactions.

Which term describes an acidic sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar to
histamine?
a. ) Leukotriene
b. ) Prostaglandin
c. ) Adhesion molecule
d. ) Phagocyte << correct answer >> a. ) Leukotriene

Leukotrienes act similar to histamine and cause smooth muscle contraction, increased
vascular permeability, and chemotaxis. Prostaglandins cause increased vascular
permeability, chemotaxis, and pain. Adhesion molecules increase the stickiness
between cells. Phagocyte cells ingest and dispose of foreign material.

Which statement is true regarding neutrophils?
a. ) Neutrophils are agranular.
b. ) Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation.
c. ) Neutrophils are the largest blood cells.
d. ) Neutrophils enter the site of injury after lymphocytes and macrophages. << correct
answer >> b. ) Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation.

Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation. They arrive before
lymphocytes and macrophages. Monocytes are the largest blood cells and are granular.

What biochemical messenger is produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in
response to a bacterial pathogen?
a. ) Interleukins
b. ) Interferons
c. ) Chemokines
d. ) Tumor necrosis factor << correct answer >> a. ) Interleukins

Interleukins are biochemical messengers produced by macrophages and lymphocytes
in response to a bacterial pathogen. Interferons primarily protect against viral infections.
Chemokines induce leukocyte chemotaxis. Tumor necrosis factor, produced by
macrophages and lymphocytes, induces a multitude of proinflammatory effects
including the enhancement of endothelial cell adhesion.

, Chronic inflammation is characterized by a(an)
a. ) lack of giant cells.
b. ) absence of exudate.
c. ) dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages.
d. ) inflammation that lasts less than 2 weeks. << correct answer >> c. ) dense infiltrate
of lymphocytes and macrophages.

Chronic inflammation is characterized by a dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and
macrophages. Giant cells are multinucleated cells that are formed by fused
macrophages during granuloma formation. Chronic inflammation often results in pus
formation, purulent discharge, and incomplete wound healing. Chronic inflammation of
any cause lasts longer than 2 weeks.

Which are not natural barriers?
a. ) Physical
b. ) Resistance
c. ) Biochemical
d. ) Mechanical << correct answer >> b. ) Resistance

Resistance is a means by which the body may avoid being infected, but it is not a
natural barrier. The natural barriers include physical, biochemical, and mechanical, as
well as inflammation at the body's surfaces.

Which characteristics are observable of vascular injury and inflammation? (Select all
that apply.)
a. ) Redness Correct
b. ) Coolness to the touch
c. ) Warmth to the touch Correct
d. ) Increased swelling Correct
e. )Pain Correct << correct answer >> a. ) Redness
c. ) Warmth to the touch
d. ) Increased swelling
e. )Pain

The four characteristics that are observable for inflammation in vascular tissue are
redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

Which pathways activate the complement system? (Select all that apply.)
a. ) Antigen antibody
b. ) Classical
c. ) Lectin
d. ) Alternative << correct answer >> a. ) Antigen antibody
b. ) Classical
c. ) Lectin
d. ) Alternative

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