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AU PSYC 355 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2025 ACTUAL FINAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND CORRECT SOLUTIONS, DISTINCTION GRADE BOOST
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AU PSYC 355 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2025 ACTUAL FINAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND CORRECT SOLUTIONS, DISTINCTION GRADE BOOST

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  • January 29, 2025
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  • 2024/2025
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AU PSYC 355 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2025
ACTUAL FINAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT SOLUTIONS, DISTINCTION GRADE
BOOST




How is Dichotic Listening studied? - ANSWER by asking people to wear earphones; one message is
presented to the left ear, and a different message is presented to the right ear.



Summarize Kosslyn's classic research on distances in mental images and scanning times. Summarize
Paivio's research using mental clocks and the angles formed by the two clock hands. Do these findings
support the analog position or the propositional position? - ANSWER Kosslyn

-seems like ppl use analog code for simple figures, and propositional for more complex

-since storage for visual imagery is limited, its maybe easier to store verbal descriptions of complex
figures

-observers can locate similar, unanticipated shapes in their mental images



research showed that ppl take a long time to scan between two widely separated points on a mental
image of a map that they had created, and quickly scanned btwn two close by points

-linear relationship between point distance and time to scan



Paivio did the same type of research, but with hands of a clock and how the distance btwn the 2 hands
affects the ability to scan btwn them

-participants also did standardized testing on their visual imagery ability... high imagery ppl performed
better on clock task

-this supports analog, not propositional



shape of objects mentally are similar to physical shapes

,Summarize the gender differences in spatial ability. What is a meta-analysis? - ANSWER most gender
differences in cognitive abilities are small

meta-analysis: statistical method for combining numerous studies on a single topic. Researchers begin by
locating all appropriate studies on a topic such as gender comparisons in verbal ability. Then they
perform a meta-analysis that combines the results of all these studies.

meta-analyses of cognitive abilities by gender

-no significant diff in math or verbal ability

-small diff in spatial ability

spatial ability has many moving parts

1. spatial visualization (small gender Diff here)

2. spatial perception (moderate diff)

3. mental rotation (mod-large diff)

mental rotation is the only cognitive skill where men are more likely to perform better than women but
some studies also say theres no diff

-diff may be due to boys experience w toys and sports

-this one area of cognitive gender differences can be reduced by providing girls with experience and
training in spatial activities



Summarize the research findings on whether visual images interfere with visual perception and what this
finding means. Do these findings support the analog position or the propositional position? What are
demand characteristics, and how were they ruled out as an explanation of findings? - ANSWER -mental
image can interfere w physical one

visual imagery can interfere w visual perception

ex. you can't picture a grilled cheese at the same time as you read the textbook



study

-told ppl to picture a tree and then put a blue arrow in front of them to see if they would detect its
physical presence

-when making a mental image the participants had trouble picking up the physical one

-when told to come up with a sound in their head they had no trouble spotting the arrow



study

,-told participants to create a visual image of a set of narrow parallel lines. Next, they were instructed to
rotate their mental image of this set of lines, so that the lines were in a diagonal orientation. Meanwhile,
the researchers presented a physical stimulus, a small segment of a line. The participants were told to
judge whether this line segment had an exactly vertical orientation. The results showed that the
imagined set of lines and the real set of lines produced similar distortions in the participants' judgments
about the orientation of that line segment

-research in visual perception shows that ppl see a stim better if its surrounded by vertical lines around it
and for some reason the same thing works for mental imagery... ("masking effect")

-demand characteristics: all the cues that might give away the experimenter's hypothesis to the
participants

-demand characteristics cannot account for the masking effect with mental images bc you wouldn't
expect it to be a thing

-people have especially good acuity for mental images that are visualized in the center of the retina,
rather than in the periphery; visual perception operates the same way



Do Demonstration 7.4. Define "cognitive maps" and "spatial cognition." Explain how the two terms are
related. What are heuristics, and how are they related to cognitive maps?



Comment: To appreciate the mental processes associated with cognitive maps, it is useful to create or
draw your own map. Use your current dwelling and the place where you work (or go to school) as the
two end points on your map. Then record as best you can the roads and landmarks that fall between
these two end points. When you are done, consult an actual map of the area in question, and note the
accuracies and inaccuracies in your map. - ANSWER cognitive map: mental representation of geographic
information, including the environment that surrounds us

-looks at relationships between different objects

-we create a cognitive map by integrating the information that we have acquired from many successive
views



emphasis on real world settings, research has high eco validity



spatial cognition: primarily refers to three cognitive activities: (1) our thoughts about cognitive maps; (2)
how we remember the world we navigate; and (3) how we keep track of objects in a spatial array

, individual differences in spatial-cognition skills are quite large. However, people tend to be accurate in
judging their ability to find their way to unfamiliar locations ...your metacognition about your spatial
ability may be reasonably correct.

-individual differences in spatial cognition are correlated with people's scores on tests of the visuospatial
sketchpad

-people who are good at mental rotation are more skilled than others in using maps to find a particular
location



Our cognitive maps typically include survey knowledge, which is the relationship among locations that
we acquire by directly learning a map or by repeatedly exploring an environment

-Your cognitive map will be easier to judge and more accurate if you acquire spatial information from a
physical map that is oriented in the same direction that you are facing in your cognitive map.



cognitive maps represent 3 geographic attributes - shape, distance, relative position

-our cognitive maps are usually pretty accurate

-however, when mistakes are made they're due to rational strategy - mistakes reflect a tendency to base
our judgments on variables that are usually relevant. They also reflect a tendency to judge our
environment as being more well organized and orderly than it really is.

heuristic: general problem-solving strategy



Describe the research of Barbara Tversky and her colleagues on the relative positions of geographical
locations. What is the rotation heuristic? What is the alignment heuristic? How are they different?



Comment: The concept of a heuristic, or processing strategy, is pervasive in cognitive psychology. This
concept is also dealt with in Chapter 12 when addressing decision-making. The idea of a heuristic can be
understood by contrasting it with an algorithm, which is a processing strategy consisting of a sequence of
steps that are guaranteed to produce the correct solution if followed carefully. Algorithms are accurate,
but they often consume much time and effort. Heuristics sacrifice accuracy for speed. In other words,
heuristics are generally faster than algorithms, but they are not as accurate as algorithms. Why would
people prefer speed over accuracy? One suggested explanation is that we are "cognitive misers." That -
ANSWER Tversky

-we use heuristics when we represent relative positions in our mental maps, just like in real ones

-these heuristics involve 2 types of errors:

1. We remember a slightly tilted geographic structure as being either more vertical or more horizontal
than it really is (the rotation heuristic)

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