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Summary Grade 12 Biology: Human Reproduction $8.41
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Summary Grade 12 Biology: Human Reproduction

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  • Matric
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  • St Stithians College (Stithian)

An in-depth summary covering everything in human reproduction. This includes: the male and female reproductive system (including the names and functions of the reproductive organs), puberty, gametogenesis, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, contraception, sexually transmitted infections and infertilit...

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Document information

  • May 19, 2020
  • 29
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary

Subjects

  • grade 12
  • matric
  • life science
  • biology
  • human reproduction
  • reproductive system
  • puberty
  • gametogenesis
  • menstrual cycle
  • contraception
  • pregnancy
  • infertility
  • stds

Written for

  • St Stithians College (Stithian)
  • Matric
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
What to know:
 The structure and function of human male and female reproductive systems
 Puberty
 The sperm and egg cells are produced by germinal epithelium by meiosis
 The structure and functions of a sperm
 The menstrual cycle and negative feedback mechanisms
- FSH
- LH
- Oestrogen
- Progesterone
 The development of primary follicle into Graafian follicle and ovulation
 Fertilization
- Where
- Zygote becomes an embryo and then a foetus by mitosis (no further details)
 The structure and function of the placenta, umbilical cord, amnion and amniotic fluid
 The initiation of labour and birth by changing hormones and other factors. The role
of the mammary gland
 Contraceptive methods:
- Condom
- Diaphragm
- Contraceptive pill
- Hormone injections
- IUD
- Rhythm methods
 Sexually transmitted diseases
 Foetal alcohol syndrome and HIV
 Infertility treatment
 Surrogacy
 Circumcision

,Male reproductive system
What makes up the male reproductive organs?
 Primary sex organs - the testis
 Ducts - epididymis, sperm duct (vas deferens) and urethra
 Accessory glands - e.g. prostate gland
 External genitalia - the penis

Scrotum
The scrotum contains the testis

Functions of the scrotum
 Acts as a temperature regulator, keeping the testis 2 to 3 degrees lower than body
temperature. The lower temporary aid necessary for the formation of sperm
 The scrotum houses and protects the testis

Testis
 The testis, two oval structures, are suspended outside the body in the scrotum
 In the embryonic stage the Testa are in the abdominal cavity just below the kidneys.
Before birth they descend into the scrotum.
 The testis consists of lobules which contain the highly convoluted seminiferous tubules.
These total about 250m in each testis

, Germinal Epithelium lines the tubules
 Between the tubules are groups of endocrine cells, the interstitial cells, or cells of Leydig
 Functions of the testis:
o To produce sperm, by the germinal layer
o To produce testosterone, by the interstitial cells

Ducts
 Epididymis
 Sperm duct (vas deferens)
 Urethra

Epididymis
The seminiferous tubules join to form the epididymis, a highly convoluted tubule about 5m
long

Functions of the epididymis
Immature sperm enter the epididymis where they:
 mature, to become motile and fertile
 Are stored for several months

Sperm duct (vas deferens)
 The muscular sperm duct is a continuation of the epididymis. It leaves the scrotum,
passed through the prostate gland and then enters the urethra.
 The function of the sperm duct is to push mature sperm forward by strong peristaltic
waves (Strong contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the ducts) from the
epididymis into the urethra. This is known as ejaculation

Urethra
 The urethra is the duct at the end of the urogenital system leading to the exterior.
 Its function is to form a common duct for the transportation of semen and urine,
although these two processes never occur together.

Prostate gland
 A plum-sized gland, which surrounds the urethra at the base of the bladder.
 Function of the prostate gland:
o Secretes a fluid that aids the transport of the sperm and contain enzymes that make
the sperm more active.
o This fluid makes up about a third of the seminal fluid.

Cowper’s gland function
The two Cowper’s glands are found at the base of the penis

, Cowper’s glands produce an alkaline mucous like fluid when sexually aroused.
This fluid:
 Neutralizes acidic urine that may still be present in the urethra
 Lubricates the urethra and external urethral opening to protect sperm from mechanical
damage during ejaculation

Penis
 The urethra passes down the male external organ, the penis
 The penis consists of spongy tissue (erectile tissue)
 Running down the length of the penis there are 3 sections of erectile tissue
 2 are situated in the dorsal side, the corpus cavernous, and one on the ventral side, the
corpus spongiosum
 The primary mechanism that brings about an erection is the dilation of dorsal and
central arteries supplying blood to the penis. This allows more blood to fill the 3 spongy
erectile tissue chambers, causing the penis to lengthen and stiffen.
 Without an erection sperm cannot be transferred to the female's vagina during sexual
intercourse.

Function of the penis
 The penis deposits semen with sperm into the female's vagina during copulation.




What is distinctive about the human penis?
 The human male is the only mammal that has no erectile bone (baculum) in the penis; it
relies entirely on enforcement with blood to reach its erect state
 The human penis is not attached to the abdominal wall but hangs free. This is in contrast
to most other mammals where the penis is stored internally until erect.

Semen (seminal fluid)
Semen consists of:
 Sperm from the testis
 Seminal fluid from the sperm duct and accessory glands

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