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MGZ Q2 Samenvatting Nature Nurture

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Samenvatting MGZ Q2 Radboud Universiteit. Volledig en uitgebreid opgesteld vanuit hoorcollege's, werkgroepen, responsiecolleges, practica, E-Learnings, ZSO's, Athena- en MFVN-samenvattingen en leerboeken. Overzichtelijk opgedeeld in kopjes op submodules. Ideaal als naslagwerk of wanneer je studiest...

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  • May 20, 2020
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MGZ Q2




Jelte de Jager

, MGZ Q2 | Jelte de Jager


Inhoud
De gezonde cel ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Algemeen.................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Prokaryote cellen.................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Eukaryote cellen ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Organellen .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Microscopische technieken ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Lichtmicroscopie .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Elektronenmicroscopie ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
Beschrijven van microscopische beelden ............................................................................................................................... 7
Diversiteit en gemeenschap van cellen ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Membraan ................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Membraanlipiden .................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Membraaneiwitten .................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Transport.............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Genexpressie ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12
Eiwitten/Enzymen/Aminozuren .................................................................................................................................................. 12
Aminozuren .......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Eiwitten ................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Enzymen .............................................................................................................................................................................. 13
DNA .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
DNA-Pakking........................................................................................................................................................................ 14
DNA-Structuur ...................................................................................................................................................................... 15
DNA-Replicatie................................................................................................................ Fout! Bladwijzer niet gedefinieerd.
Transcriptie...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Translatie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 18
Eiwitrouting ............................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Cellulaire besluitvorming ........................................................................................................................................................... 23
Cellulaire communicatie ............................................................................................................................................................ 23
Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Nucleaire hormoonreceptor signalering ................................................................................................................................ 24
Steroïdhormonen ............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Thyroïdhormonen ............................................................................................................................................................ 25
Vitamine-afgeleide hormonen .......................................................................................................................................... 25
Ionkanaal signalering ........................................................................................................................................................... 26
G-eiwit gekoppelde receptor (GPCR) signalering ................................................................................................................. 26
Enzym-gekoppelde receptor signalering ............................................................................................................................... 27
Celdeling ................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Celdeling .............................................................................................................................................................................. 28
DNA Replicatie ..................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Mitose .................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Meiose ................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Cellulaire besluitvorming ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
Rust ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Stamcellen en weefselaanleg ............................................................................................................................................... 33
Celdood en DNA-Repair ....................................................................................................................................................... 34
RC Celdeling ............................................................................................................................................................................. 37

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, MGZ Q2 | Jelte de Jager

Van Cel naar Weefsel ............................................................................................................................................................... 38
Embryologie .............................................................................................................................................................................. 38
Zwangerschap...................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Bevruchting en groei ............................................................................................................................................................ 39
Neurulatie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 41
Organogenese................................................................................................................................................................. 41
Concepten............................................................................................................................................................................ 42
Stamcellen ................................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Epitheel ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Soorten epitheel ................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Eenlagig epitheel ............................................................................................................................................................. 44
Meerlagig epitheel ........................................................................................................................................................... 45
Klierepitheel..................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Intercellulaire verbindingen ................................................................................................................................................... 46
Occludensverbinding ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
Adhaerensverbinding ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
Nexusverbinding .............................................................................................................................................................. 46
Celoppervlaktespecialisaties ................................................................................................................................................ 46
Microvilli .......................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Sterociliën ....................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Ciliën ............................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Flagellen.......................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Bindweefsel............................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Grondsubstantie ................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Vezels .................................................................................................................................................................................. 47
Weefselvloeistof ................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Cellen ................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Kraakbeen................................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Botweefsel ................................................................................................................................................................................ 53
Botcellen .............................................................................................................................................................................. 53
Soorten bot .......................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Vorming van bot ................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Extracellulaire matrix ................................................................................................................................................................. 56
Collageen ............................................................................................................................................................................. 56
Elastine ................................................................................................................................................................................ 56
Grondsubstantie ................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Pathologie ................................................................................................................................................................................. 57
Teratoom.............................................................................................................................................................................. 57
Spina bifida .......................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Osteogenesis imperfecta ...................................................................................................................................................... 57
Genetica ................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Algemeen.................................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Analyseren van chromosomen .................................................................................................................................................. 58
Beschrijven van chromosomen ................................................................................................................................................. 60
Afwijkingen van chromosomen .................................................................................................................................................. 60
Numerieke afwijkingen ......................................................................................................................................................... 60
Structurele afwijkingen ......................................................................................................................................................... 61


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, MGZ Q2 | Jelte de Jager

Translocatie.......................................................................................................................................................................... 61
Deletie .................................................................................................................................................................................. 62
Insertie ................................................................................................................................................................................. 62
Inversie ................................................................................................................................................................................ 62
Ring chromosoom ................................................................................................................................................................ 62
Effecten van genetische variatie op genexpressie ..................................................................................................................... 63
Frequentie in populatie .............................................................................................................................................................. 63
Evolutionaire processen ............................................................................................................................................................ 63
Genetische Casuïstiek .............................................................................................................................................................. 64
RC Genetica ............................................................................................................................................................................. 64
Begrippenlijst ............................................................................................................................................................................ 64
Gedrag en gezondheid .............................................................................................................................................................. 66
Gezondheid en gedrag Q1 (basis)............................................................................................................................................. 66
Algemene concepten van gedrag en gezondheid ...................................................................................................................... 66
Levensfases ......................................................................................................................................................................... 66
Stress ................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Stressoren (aanleidingen voor stress).............................................................................................................................. 69
Stressreacties.................................................................................................................................................................. 70
Factoren van invloed op de relatietussen stressoren en stressreacties ............................................................................ 71
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................................................. 72
Begrijpen en veranderen van gedrag......................................................................................................................................... 72
Hersenen en gedrag ................................................................................................................................................................. 75
Cognitieve functies ............................................................................................................................................................... 75
Geheugen ............................................................................................................................................................................ 75
Hersenen ............................................................................................................................................................................. 76
Hersenstructuren ............................................................................................................................................................. 77
Zintuigen .............................................................................................................................................................................. 77
Maatschappij en gezondheid ..................................................................................................................................................... 78
Sociale cohesie en kapitaal ....................................................................................................................................................... 78
Sociale cohesie .................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Sociaal kapitaal .................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Socialisatie, cultuur en gedrag .................................................................................................................................................. 82
Sociale stratificatie .................................................................................................................................................................... 82




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, MGZ Q2 | Jelte de Jager


De gezonde cel
Algemeen
In 1676 werden de eerste levende cellen gezien onder de microscoop door Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek.

Celtheorie (sinds de 17e eeuw)
- Alle levende organismen bestaan uit 1 of meer cellen
- De cel is de kleinste bouwsteen die de structuur van een organisme bepaalt
- Cellen ontstaan uit reeds bestaande cellen
70 kilo mens = 1013 eukaryote cellen
1 kilo microbioom = 1014 bacteriën
Eerste cel → 3,8 miljard jaar geleden
DNA → RNA → Eiwit
Er zijn ongeveer 20 verschillende cellen (neuronen, leukocyten, osteoblasten bv.)
Elke cel heeft een membraan om zich heen om zich af te scheiden van de buitenwereld. Ook
in hetzelfde organisme kunnen cellen anders zijn. Ze gebruiken andere genen afhankelijk
van hun signalen en functies.
Alle cellen komen uit de embryonale stamcellen
Alle cellen zien er wel ongeveer hetzelfde uit
Prokaryote cellen
Bacteriën (en archaea), zonder nucleus en zonder organellen (alleen ribosomen om eiwitten
te maken). Hun DNA zweeft rond in het cytoplasma. Ze hebben een sterke celwand om hun
membraan heen. Ze kunnen snel delen; in 11 uur kan 1 cel zich hebben gedeeld tot 8 miljard
cellen. Prokaryoten zijn heel divers en variëren veel. Sommige prokaryoten kunnen ook aan
fotosynthese doen.
Eukaryote cellen
Met nucleus, en daarbij komt dat ze organellen hebben. Ze zijn meestal groter dan
prokaryoten.
Stoffen komen de cel binnen via endocytose → ze gaan er weer uit via exocytose.

Organellen
Organel → subcompartiment binnen een eukaryote cel met een specifieke functie (vaak
omgeven door een membraan)

Nucleus (kern)
- Het brein van de cel
- Bevat DNA, coderen voor eiwitten
- Heeft een nucleair membraan
- Dubbelwandig membraan
- Veel groter dan de andere organellen (wel te zien met LM)
- Bevat kernporiën

Cytoplasma
- Gel-achtige vloeistof → cytosol
- Opvulling van de cel
- Rondzweven van organellen
- Aanwezigheid van receptoren voor steroïdhormonen en second messengers




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, MGZ Q2 | Jelte de Jager


Cytoskelet → structuur en vorm
- Actine (7 nm)
o De kleinste draden
o Bij bewegende cellen
- Intermediaire filamenten (15 nm)
o Sterkte van de cel
o Weefseltypespecifiek
o Opvulling, stevigheid
- Microtubuline (20 nm)
o De grootste draden
o De draden in mitose/meiose
o Vervoeren van eiwitten

Mitochondrion
- ATP-productie
- Ca2+ huishouding
- Spelen belangrijke rol bij apoptose
- Heeft O2 nodig, scheidt CO2 uit
- Het binnenmembraan komt overeen met het celmembraan van de prokaryote
voorloper van het mitochondrion
- Heeft een dubbelmembraan
- Inwendige membraanstructuur heten cristae

Lysosomen
- Afbraak
o Suikers
o Lipiden
o Aminozuren
- Zitten vol met aminozuren (lysosomale
enzymen)
- Werken bij hele lage Ph (Ph=5)
- Gebruiken actief transport
- Hetero- en autofagie
o Heterofagie → cellen
(fagocyten) eten andere cellen
o Autofagie → cellen eten hun
eigen (foute) cellen
- Grote, zwarte bollen

Golgi-apparaat
- Coördinator van transport naar buiten de cel en naar andere organellen
- Cysterne (gebogen vorm)
- Veel blaasjes omheen
- Transport wordt gedaan door secretieblaasjes

Endoplasmatisch reticulum
- Opslag van Ca2+
- ER heeft een breder lumen dan Golgi
- Ruw endoplasmatisch reticulum
o Bevat ribosomen (polyribosomen / polysomen → zijn te zien als
kralenkettingen)
o Synthese van eiwitten
- Glad endoplasmatisch reticulum
o Synthese van lipiden
o Synthese van glycogeen → druiventrosjes

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, MGZ Q2 | Jelte de Jager



Peroxisomen
- Veel aanwezig in lever- en niercellen (ontgifting, detoxificeren)
- Afbreken van vetzuren
o Produceren waterstofperoxiden
- Produceren van galzuren

Microscopische technieken
Lichtmicroscopie Normale microscoop met
licht. Kan met kleuring
*histochemie
Immunohistochemie Structuren aankleuren met
AB (antistoffen)
Confocale-las-scanning- Optische coupes → 3D-
microscopie beeld

Elektronenmicroscopie Verschillende vormen (TEM,
IEM, SEM)
Vorm = functie
Uitlopers → communicatie
Cytoplasma → synthese
Kernloos → gespecialiseerd
Epitheel → opname op afgifte

HE-kleuring:
- Hematoxyline → Zure groepen (nucleïnezuren of zure suikers) blauw
- Eosine → basische groepen rood

Lichtmicroscopie




Dun laagje weefsel onder de microscoop leggen en er licht van onder in schijnen. Normale
cellen van 5-20 μm kunnen worden gezien.
Lichtmicroscopie zonder optische trucs en celkleuringen (bright field) biedt weinig info.
Bij alle vier de technieken is het niet nodig om de cellen te fixeren (voor te behandelen).
Cellen worden echter vaak gefixeerd om de structuur te behouden.
Fluorescentie microscopie is een vorm van lichtmicroscopie. Dit is een nauwkeurige vorm.

Confocale-Laser-Scanning-Microscopie (CLSM)

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