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Samenvatting Economie
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Samenvatting van het boek slides van het vak economie
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Samenvatting economieSamenvatting economie.........................................................................................................................1
Hoofdstuk 1 – Basisprincipes van de economie................................................................................12
Begrippen.....................................................................................................................................12
Economische modellen.................................................................................................................12
De economische kringloop.......................................................................................................12
De productiemogelijkheidscurve..................................................................................................12
Basisprincipes van de economie...................................................................................................13
Keuzes maken en de kost ervan................................................................................................13
De wisselwerking tussen de verschillende economische agenten............................................13
Hoofdstuk 2 – Denken als een econoom..........................................................................................14
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................14
De econoom als wetenschapper...................................................................................................14
De wetenschappelijke methode: observatie en theorie...........................................................14
Economische modellen.............................................................................................................14
Micro-economie en macro-economie......................................................................................14
De econoom als beleidsadviseur..................................................................................................14
Positieve versus normatieve analyse........................................................................................14
Economie en politiek................................................................................................................15
Waarom economen het niet steeds met elkaar eens zijn.............................................................15
Verschillen in wetenschappelijke beoordelingen.....................................................................15
Verschillen in waarden.............................................................................................................15
Perceptie versus realiteit..........................................................................................................15
Hoofdstuk 3 – Vraag en aanbod.......................................................................................................15
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................15
Markten en concurrentie..............................................................................................................16
Inleiding....................................................................................................................................16
Georganiseerde markten..........................................................................................................16
Concurrerende markten...........................................................................................................16
Vraag............................................................................................................................................17
Determinanten van de vraag....................................................................................................17
Vraagtabel................................................................................................................................18
Vraagcurve................................................................................................................................18
Marktvraag versus individuele vraag........................................................................................18
Veranderingen van de vraag.....................................................................................................18
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, Wijzigingen van de gevraagde hoeveelheid..............................................................................19
Het aanbod...................................................................................................................................20
Determinanten van het aanbod................................................................................................20
Marktaanbod versus individueel aanbod..................................................................................20
Veranderingen van het aanbod................................................................................................20
Wijzigingen van de aangeboden hoeveelheid..........................................................................21
Het samenkomen van vraag en aanbod.......................................................................................21
Marktevenwicht........................................................................................................................21
Drie stappen in de evenwichtsanalyse......................................................................................22
Hoofdstuk 4 – Elasticiteit..................................................................................................................22
Elasticiteit van de vraag................................................................................................................22
Prijselasticiteit van de vraag: begripsbepaling..........................................................................22
Prijselasticiteit van de vraag: formule.......................................................................................23
De midpoint methode...............................................................................................................23
De variabiliteit van de vraagcurven..........................................................................................23
Andere vraagelasticiteiten........................................................................................................26
Elasticiteit van het aanbod...........................................................................................................26
Prijselasticiteit van het aanbod: begripsbepaling.....................................................................26
Prijselasticiteit van het aanbod: formule..................................................................................27
De variabiliteit van de aanbodcurven.......................................................................................27
Hoofdstuk 5 – Overheidstussenkomst en marktwerking..................................................................28
Prijsreguleringen...........................................................................................................................28
De invloed van een maximumprijs op de markt.......................................................................28
De invloed van een minimumprijs op de markt........................................................................28
Evaluatie...................................................................................................................................28
Belastingen...................................................................................................................................29
Gevolgen van een belasting op de koper..................................................................................29
Gevolgen van een belasting op de verkoper.............................................................................29
Subsidies.......................................................................................................................................30
Gevolgen van een subsidie aan de koper..................................................................................30
Gevolgen van een subsidie aan de verkoper............................................................................30
Elasticiteit en belastingheffing......................................................................................................31
Elasticiteit en subsidies.................................................................................................................31
Hoofdstuk 6 – consumenten- en producenten surplus....................................................................31
Consumentensurplus....................................................................................................................31
Willingness to pay (waarde)......................................................................................................31
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, De invloed van de prijs op het consumentensurplus................................................................31
Producenten surplus.....................................................................................................................32
Willingness to sell (kost)...........................................................................................................32
De invloed van de prijs op het producenten surplus................................................................32
Consumenten- en producenten surplus bij marktevenwicht........................................................32
Hoofdstuk 7 – Externaliteiten...........................................................................................................32
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................32
Externaliteiten en marktinefficiëntie............................................................................................34
Negatieve externaliteiten bij productie....................................................................................34
Positieve externaliteiten bij productie......................................................................................34
Externaliteiten bij consumptie..................................................................................................35
Overheidstussenkomst.............................................................................................................35
Oplossingen voor externaliteiten..................................................................................................35
Private oplossingen voor externaliteiten..................................................................................35
Waarom private oplossingen niet altijd werken...................................................................36
Publieke oplossingen voor externaliteiten................................................................................36
Reglementering....................................................................................................................36
Pigou belastingen en subsidies.............................................................................................36
Tradable permits...................................................................................................................36
Hoofdstuk 8 – Publieke goederen en gemene hulpbronnen............................................................36
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................36
De verschillende soorten goederen..............................................................................................37
Publieke goederen........................................................................................................................37
Het free-rider probleem...........................................................................................................37
Voorbeelden van publieke goederen........................................................................................37
Gemene hulpbronnen..................................................................................................................39
Voorbeelden van gemene hulpbronnen...................................................................................39
Het belang van eigendomsrechten...............................................................................................39
Hoofdstuk 9 – Het belastingsysteem................................................................................................39
De inkomsten en uitgaven van de overheid.................................................................................39
De uitgaven van de overheid....................................................................................................39
De inkomsten van de overheid.................................................................................................39
Begroting van de overheid........................................................................................................40
Een efficiënt belastingstelsel........................................................................................................40
Deadweight losses....................................................................................................................40
Administratieve rompslomp.....................................................................................................40
3
, Gemiddelde versus marginale belastingvoeten........................................................................41
Een billijk belastingstelsel.............................................................................................................41
Het voordeelprincipe................................................................................................................41
Het draagkrachtprincipe...........................................................................................................41
Een verzoening tussen efficiëntie en billijkheid............................................................................42
Hoofdstuk 10 – de productiekosten.................................................................................................42
Winst, het saldo van opbrengsten en kosten...............................................................................42
Totale opbrengsten...................................................................................................................42
Totale kosten............................................................................................................................42
Productiefunctie...........................................................................................................................42
Productiefactoren en tijdsperspectief......................................................................................42
Definitie....................................................................................................................................42
Productiekosten........................................................................................................................43
Totale kosten........................................................................................................................43
Vaste en variabele kosten.....................................................................................................43
Gemiddelde kosten...............................................................................................................43
Marginale kosten..................................................................................................................43
De vorm van kostencurven...................................................................................................44
Schaaleffecten op de lange termijn ATC-curve.........................................................................44
De lange termijn ATC-curve..................................................................................................44
Schaaleffecten......................................................................................................................44
Inleiding tot marktvormen................................................................................................................45
Verschillende marktvormen naargelang de graad van concurrentie............................................45
Kenmerken van marktvormen......................................................................................................45
Invloed van de marktvorm............................................................................................................45
Hoofdstuk 11 – Volmaakte concurrentie..........................................................................................45
Definitie en voorbeeld..................................................................................................................45
Definitie....................................................................................................................................45
Voorbeeld.................................................................................................................................45
De basisvoorwaarden...................................................................................................................46
Invloed op de prijs....................................................................................................................46
Toetreden tot de sector............................................................................................................46
Aard van het product................................................................................................................46
Informatie.................................................................................................................................46
Opbrengsten onder perfecte concurrentie...................................................................................46
Winstmaximalisatie......................................................................................................................46
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