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Bewegen en presteren
Samenvatting Jaar 1 semester 2
In deze samenvatting zijn alle onderdelen goed samengevat en staat de
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oefenvragen, zodat jij helemaal ready bent voor het tentamen en precies
weet wat je kan verwachten!
,Inhoud
1. Voeding .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Eiwitten .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2 Koolhydraten .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Vetten ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Energie ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 ATP ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Enzymen ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
2.3 ATP-resynthese ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.1 Fosfaat-systeem ............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
2.3.2 Melkzuursysteem/glycolytische systeem ....................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.3 Zuurstofsysteem/oxidatieve fosforylering ..................................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.4 Oxidatie van vetten ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.4 Koolhydraten vs vetten......................................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.5 Overzicht energiesystemen .................................................................................................................................................................. 12
3. Meten van energieverbruik.......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Directe caloriemeter ............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
3.2 Indirecte methode: Ademgasanalyse ................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Energieverbruik over de dag ................................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.4 O2 opname ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.5 RER ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.5.1 RER boven de 1?........................................................................................................................................................................... 14
3.6 EPOC (Excess of Post exercise Oxygen Consumption) .......................................................................................................................... 14
4. Vermoeidheid .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
4.1 Hoe raakt een sporter vermoeid? ......................................................................................................................................................... 15
4.2 Energiesystemen (vermoeidheid) ......................................................................................................................................................... 15
4.3 Metabole bijproducten (vermoeidheid) ............................................................................................................................................... 15
4.4 Neuromusculair (vermoeidheid) ........................................................................................................................................................... 16
5. Anatomie van het hart ................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
5.1 Belangrijke cardiovasculaire functies.................................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2 Myocard (hartspier) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 18
6. Prikkelgeleidingssysteem van het hart ......................................................................................................................................................... 19
6.1 Hartritme .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
6.1.1 Het parasympatisch systeem........................................................................................................................................................ 19
6.1.2 Het sympathische systeem ........................................................................................................................................................... 20
6.1.3 Endocrien systeem ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20
7. ECG (ElektroCardioGram) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 20
7.1 ECG uitleg ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
7.2 Hartcyclus ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
8. Volumes ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
9. Bloedvaten en bloeddruk ............................................................................................................................................................................. 22
9.1 Bloedvaten ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
9.2 Bloeddruk ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
10. De bloedverdeling en het bloed ................................................................................................................................................................. 23
10.1 Intrinsieke regulatie ............................................................................................................................................................................ 23
2|Pagina
, 10.2 Extrinsiek neurale sturing ................................................................................................................................................................... 23
10.3 Bloedverdeling .................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
10.4 Functies van het bloed........................................................................................................................................................................ 23
10.5 Samenstelling van het bloed ............................................................................................................................................................... 24
10.6 De rode bloedcellen............................................................................................................................................................................ 24
11. Cardiovasculaire reactie op inspanning...................................................................................................................................................... 25
11.1 Hartfrequentie en intensiteit .............................................................................................................................................................. 25
11.2 Slagvolume en intensiteit ................................................................................................................................................................... 26
11.3 Hartminuutvolume en intensiteit ....................................................................................................................................................... 27
11.3.1 Verschil ongetraind en getraind ................................................................................................................................................. 28
11.4 Cardiovasculaire drift.......................................................................................................................................................................... 28
11.5 Verdeling van het bloed met HMV ..................................................................................................................................................... 29
11.6 VO2 opname (zuurstofopname) .......................................................................................................................................................... 29
11.7 De bloeddruk bij inspanning ............................................................................................................................................................... 30
12. Ademhaling ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 30
12.1 Interne en externe respiratie .............................................................................................................................................................. 30
12.2 Het ademhalingssysteem.................................................................................................................................................................... 30
12.3 De ademhaling.................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
12.3.1 Inspiratie .................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
12.3.2 Expiratie ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
12.4 Longcapaciteit .................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
12.5 Partiële druk ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
12.6 Longdiffusie ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 35
13. Bloeddruk verdeling ................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
14. Transport van O2 in het bloed .................................................................................................................................................................... 36
14.1 Saturatie van hemoglobine................................................................................................................................................................. 36
14.1.1 De invloed van pO2 op de saturatie ............................................................................................................................................ 37
14.1.2 De invloed van de zuurgraad en temperatuur op saturatie ....................................................................................................... 38
15. Transport van CO2 in het bloed .................................................................................................................................................................. 38
16. Gaswisseling in de spieren ......................................................................................................................................................................... 39
16.1 Gevolg van gasuitwisseling ................................................................................................................................................................. 39
17. Regulatie van longventilatie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 40
17.1 Pulmonaire ventilatie ......................................................................................................................................................................... 41
17.2 Ventilatie tijdens inspanning .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
17.3 Ventilatoire equivalent voor zuurstof ................................................................................................................................................. 42
17.4 Beperkingen voor presteren door de longen ...................................................................................................................................... 43
17.4.1 Dyspneu ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
17.4.2 Hyperventilatie ........................................................................................................................................................................... 43
17.5 Respiratoire regulatie zuurgraad ........................................................................................................................................................ 43
17.6 Herstel na inspanning ......................................................................................................................................................................... 44
BONUS: oefenvragen ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
3|Pagina
, 1. Voeding
Even de basis:
Voeding bestaat uit voedingsstoffen, de voedingsstoffen waar je energie uit haalt zijn eiwitten
(4kcal/gr) , vetten (9kcal/gr) en koolhydraten (4kcal/gr).
1.1 Eiwitten
Zijn hoofdzakelijk bouwstoffen
Eiwitten bestaan uit aminozuren die, indien nodig, als brandstof kunnen worden gebruikt
Gluconeogenese is het omzetten van eiwit naar glucose als brandstof
Zodra je lichaam eiwitten gaat verbranden gaat het zweet naar ammoniak ruiken.
1.2 Koolhydraten
Koolhydraten worden uiteindelijk allemaal afgebroken tot glucose. Glucose wordt opgenomen door
vloeistoffen, dus bijvoorbeeld bloed. Als het opgenomen wil worden in de spier of lever moet het
omgezet worden naar glycogeen, dit proces heet glycogenese. Dit gebeurd zodra en meer glucose
aanwezig is dan nodig. Op het moment dat de bloedglucosespiegel te laag dreigt te worden wordt
opgeslagen glycogeen weer omgezet naar glucose, dit proces heet glycogenolyse.
Op het moment dat de glucosevoorraad en glycogeenvoorraad vol zitten, wordt het nieuw
binnenkomende (overmatige) glucose omgezet in vet, dit proces heet lipogenese.
Een koolhydraat bestaat uit sachariden
• Enkelvoudige koolhydraten zijn monosachariden
• Meervoudige koolhydraten zijn disachariden (2 aan elkaar verbonden sachariden),
oligosachariden (3-9) en polysachariden (> 9)
4|Pagina
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