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BIOL 310 Test 2 Verified Answers (2025)!!
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BIOL 310 Study Material – Comprehensive & High-Quality Notes! Ace your BIOL 310 course with this well-organized and detailed study material! Perfect for students looking to save time, boost their grades, and understand key concepts quickly. What’s Included? Detailed Lecture Notes – C...

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  • February 12, 2025
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BIOL 310 Test 2 Verified Answers
(2025)!!


Explain the relationship between the pine beetle and the fungus G.
clavigera - Answers they have a symbiotic relationship

- the beetle carries the fungus on its body and transmits it to other trees

- the beetle feeds on the tree by inhibiting the tree's defense mechanism



endocytosis - Answers process by which a cell takes material into the
cell by infolding of the cell membrane

- materials are delivered to the lysosome and are destroyed



endosymbiotic theory - Answers the theory that mitochondria and
chloroplasts arose as a result of prokaryotic cells establishing a symbiotic
relationship within a eukaryotic host



who came up with the endosymbiotic theory? - Answers Konstantin
Mereschowski, but no one believed him, so Lynn Margulis brought the
theory back and helped prove it



what is the evidence of the endosymbiotic theory? - Answers -
function: they are both the powerhouses of the cell



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, Q/As
- size: they are both typically the size of bacteria

- DNA: they have some of their own genes, which is not true of any other
organelle

- double membrane: two phospholipid layers

- reproductive method: reproduce independently from the host cell and with
binary fission

- have their own ribosomes: ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotes



why is it hard to define microbial species? - Answers widespread
occurrence of horizontal gene transfer, we do not know if they can
asexually reproduce



what are the two theories of the origin of the nucleus (aka eukaryotes)? -
Answers karyogenic hypothesis and endokaryotic hypothesis



karyogenic hypothesis - Answers model of nuclear evolution that
depicts no particular mechanism by which the nuclear membrane appeared
(mechanism unspecified)



endokaryotic hypothesis - Answers eukaryotes arose as a result of a
fusion of archaea cells with bacteria



why does a cell have a nucleus? - Answers to store and protect its
genetic material (DNA). Acts as a control center




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, Q/As
Be able to compare the biological species concept to the other species
concepts referenced above - Answers The biological species
concept defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and
produce fertile offspring, whereas other species concepts, like the
morphological, ecological, and phylogenetic concepts, identify species
based on physical appearance, ecological niche, or evolutionary lineage
respectively



OTU - Answers operational taxonomic unit

- a group of closely related organisms that are grouped together based on
the similarity of their DNA sequences



lateral gene transfer - Answers The passing of genes from one
organism to another organism that is not its offspring



steps of binary fission - Answers - the cell grows and elongates

- DNA is copied during DNA replication starting at the origin of replication

- the cell forms a new septum and undergoes cytokinesis where the cell is
split into two

- two daughter cells are produced



what molecule makes bacilli cells rodlike? - Answers actin-like MreB
protein



what molecule makes vibrio comma shaped? - Answers crescentin




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