CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
Specificity- - ANSWER-proportion of individuals without the disease that have a
negative test result
What are the three stages of natural history of disease? - ANSWER-1. Pathological
Onset
2. Presymptomatic Stage
3. Clinically Manifest Disease
Pathological Onset Stage: - ANSWER-pathological appearance but no symptoms
Pre-symptomatic Stage: - ANSWER-first appearance of symptoms or signs
Clinically Manifest Disease: - ANSWER-disease is clinically obvious and may be subject
to remissions and relapses, regress spontaneously or progress to death
Quality of Life: - ANSWER-when prognosis includes measurement of all clinically
relevant outcomes and not just death
Quantity of Life: - ANSWER-when prognosis includes measurement of case fatality rate
or probability of survival
Effectiveness of treatment: - ANSWER-most interventions require research to establish
value
Compliance- - ANSWER-extent to which patients follow medical advice
Efficacy- - ANSWER-when treatments need to do more good than bad among patients
What does "evidence-based" mean? - ANSWER-there is a set of guidelines that assist
practitioners and patients in making decisions about appropriate health care for specific
clinical circumstances
What are the three levels of disease prevention? - ANSWER-1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
Primary: - ANSWER-intervention implemented before there is evidence of disease /
Risk reduction / immunization
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
Specificity- - ANSWER-proportion of individuals without the disease that have a
negative test result
What are the three stages of natural history of disease? - ANSWER-1. Pathological
Onset
2. Presymptomatic Stage
3. Clinically Manifest Disease
Pathological Onset Stage: - ANSWER-pathological appearance but no symptoms
Pre-symptomatic Stage: - ANSWER-first appearance of symptoms or signs
Clinically Manifest Disease: - ANSWER-disease is clinically obvious and may be subject
to remissions and relapses, regress spontaneously or progress to death
Quality of Life: - ANSWER-when prognosis includes measurement of all clinically
relevant outcomes and not just death
Quantity of Life: - ANSWER-when prognosis includes measurement of case fatality rate
or probability of survival
Effectiveness of treatment: - ANSWER-most interventions require research to establish
value
Compliance- - ANSWER-extent to which patients follow medical advice
Efficacy- - ANSWER-when treatments need to do more good than bad among patients
What does "evidence-based" mean? - ANSWER-there is a set of guidelines that assist
practitioners and patients in making decisions about appropriate health care for specific
clinical circumstances
What are the three levels of disease prevention? - ANSWER-1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
Primary: - ANSWER-intervention implemented before there is evidence of disease /
Risk reduction / immunization
