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Health & Medical Psychology Lectures 2020

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All lectures of the specialization course Health & Medical Psychology at Leiden University.

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  • June 7, 2020
  • 34
  • 2019/2020
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Health & Medical Psychology
Lecture 1: Explaining health behaviour
Prevention




Primary prevention: prevention of the problem, illness or casualty. Target group = healthy
people.
Secondary prevention: tracing illness in an early phase, for early treatment, or for
prevention of more serious complaints. Target group: (healthy) people with an increased
risk.
Tertiary prevention: prevention of complications and worsening of symptoms through
optimal care (including self-regulation interventions). Target group: ill people.

Health
 Not ill
 Reserve/resource
 Behavior
 Physical fitness and vitality
 Psychological well-being
 Function

WHO definition
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.

Biomedical Model
 Exposure to contagious “agents”
 Insufficient immune response


Why else do we become ill?

,  Health behavior
 Stress/emotions
 Social relations

Biopsychosocial Model




 Body and mind in interaction determine health and illness
 Consequences of interplay of biological (genes, pathogens), psychological (emotions,
cognition and behavior) and social (norms, social cultural background) factors
 The different systems influence each other continuously

Alameda 7
1. Sleep 7 to 8 hours
2. No eating between meals
3. Eat breakfast regularly
4. Maintain proper weight
5. Regular exercise
6. Moderate or no use of alcohol
7. No smoking

Matarazzo (1984)
Makes a distinction between:
 Behavioral pathogens (health compromising behaviors)
 Behavioral immunogens (health enhancing behaviors)

Why influencing health behavior?
 Health behavior is related to mortality and morbidity
 Socio-demographical differences in health behavior increase social economic
differences
 Prevalence of risk behaviors is high
 Differences in prevalence in health behavior between SES groups enhance social
inequality
 Health behavior is frequently not based on an informed choice

,Health Belief Model
 Help, I can get this condition…
o Perceived vulnerability
 … and if so, that would be terrible!
o Perceived severity




Thus: fear is key feature!
Fear determines together with response efficacy the likelihood of occurrence of behavior.

Theory of Reasoned Action




Not only individual -> norms are added, so it’s also environmental!

Social norms
 Descriptive
o What others do
 Injunctive
o What others think you should do
 Group norms/social pressure
 Social support (positive and negative)
Social learning/cognitive theory (Bandura)

,  Outcome &…
 … Self-efficacy expectancies
 Determine behavior




Theory of Planned Behavior




Summary social cognition models
People will change if they believe that:
 They are susceptible to some disease

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