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Samenvatting Economie
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Samenvatting Economie op basis van het boek en slides. Vak gegeven door Prof. Kristof Joossen. Geschikt voor studenten Marketing.
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InhoudsopgaveHet doel van de economische wetenschap .................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Behoefte ....................................................................................................................................................6
1.2 Schaarse middelen .....................................................................................................................................6
1.3 Nuttigheid en keuzeprobleem.....................................................................................................................7
Welvaart en welzijn ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Soorten goederen ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Consumptie en productie ............................................................................................................................. 8
De ceteris -paribusclausule ........................................................................................................................... 9
Micro, meso of macro economie................................................................................................................... 9
De keuze van de optimale goederencombinatie (=evenwicht van de consument)......................................... 10
1.4 De preferenties ........................................................................................................................................10
1.5 Budget en prijzen .....................................................................................................................................11
De prijsvraagcurve (kortweg vraagcurve) ................................................................................................... 13
1.6 De afleiding van de individuele vraagcurve ............................................................................................... 13
1.7 Een beweging lans of op de individuele vraagcurve ................................................................................... 13
1.8 Verschuiving van de individuele vraagcurve .............................................................................................. 14
1.8.1 Verandering van het inkomen.......................................................................................................................................14
1.8.2 Verandering in de preferentieschaal.............................................................................................................................14
1.8.3 Verandering in de prijs van andere goederen ..............................................................................................................15
1.8.4 De collectieve of marktvraagcurve ...............................................................................................................................15
De elasticiteit van de vraag ........................................................................................................................ 15
1.9 De prijselasticiteit van de vraag ................................................................................................................15
1.9.1 Interpretatie prijselasticiteit van de vraag ....................................................................................................................15
1.10 De kruiselingse prijselasticiteit van de vraag ............................................................................................. 17
1.10.1 Interpretatie kruiselingse prijselasticiteiten .................................................................................................................17
1.10.2 De inkomenselasticiteit van de vraag ...........................................................................................................................18
1.10.3 Interpretatie inkomenselasticiteit.................................................................................................................................18
De bepaling van de optimale productiegrootte ........................................................................................... 19
De wet van de toe- en afnemende meeropbrengst...................................................................................... 19
Het kostenverloop...................................................................................................................................... 21
1.11 De totale constante en variabele kosten ...................................................................................................21
1.11.1 Verloop totale variabele kosten = TVK ..........................................................................................................................21
1.12 De totale kosten.......................................................................................................................................22
1.13 De gemiddelde en marginale kosten .........................................................................................................22
1
,Het opbrengstenverloop bij volkomen concurrentie .................................................................................... 23
De optimale productiegrootte bij volkomen concurrentie (=evenwicht van de producent) ............................ 23
De afleiding van de aanbodcurve bij volkomen concurrentie ....................................................................... 24
1.14 Een beweging langs de individuele aanbodcurve ....................................................................................... 25
1.15 Verschuiving van de individuele aanbodcurve ........................................................................................... 26
1.16 De collectieve of marktaanbodcurve .........................................................................................................27
De breakevenanalyse ................................................................................................................................. 27
De Prijselasticiteit van het aanbod ............................................................................................................. 28
Markt en marktvormen.............................................................................................................................. 30
De volkomen concurrentie.......................................................................................................................... 31
1.17 Het marktevenwicht bij volkomen concurrentie ........................................................................................ 31
1.17.1 Overschot berekenen ....................................................................................................................................................32
1.17.2 Veranderingen in evenwichtssituatie ...........................................................................................................................32
1.18 Ingrijpen van de overheid in de prijsvorming ............................................................................................ 34
1.18.1 Maximumprijzen ...........................................................................................................................................................34
1.18.2 Minimumprijzen............................................................................................................................................................34
De onvolkomen concurrentie ...................................................................................................................... 35
1.19 Monopolie ...............................................................................................................................................35
1.19.1 Soorten monopolies .....................................................................................................................................................36
1.19.2 Het evenwicht van de monopolist ................................................................................................................................37
1.20 Oligopolie ................................................................................................................................................37
1.20.1 Oligopolie strategieën ...................................................................................................................................................37
1.21 Monopolistische concurrentie ..................................................................................................................38
Prijsbeleid in België.................................................................................................................................... 38
1.22 Het rechtsreeks overheidspingrijpen op het gebied van prijsvorming ......................................................... 39
De economische kringloop ......................................................................................................................... 40
De berekening van de economische activiteit ............................................................................................. 42
Het reële en het nominale bbp ................................................................................................................... 42
Het bbp als maatstaf voor onze welvaart ................................................................................................... 43
De nationale rekeningen ............................................................................................................................ 45
Macro-economische gegevens van de Belgische economie ......................................................................... 46
1.23 Oorsprong van het bbp = productiebenadering ......................................................................................... 46
1.24 Inkomensbenadering ............................................................................................................................... 48
1.25 De besteding van het bbp ......................................................................................................................... 48
Conjunctuur ............................................................................................................................................... 49
1.26 Reële en nominale groei van het bbp ........................................................................................................49
1.27 Andere conjunctuurindicatoren ................................................................................................................50
1.27.1 Synthetische conjunctuurindicatoren ...........................................................................................................................50
2
,Conjunctuurverklaringen ........................................................................................................................... 51
Conjunctuurpolitiek ................................................................................................................................... 52
1.28 Monetaire politiek ...................................................................................................................................52
1.29 Begrotingsbeleid (anticyclisch) budgettair beleid....................................................................................... 53
1.30 Prijsbeleid................................................................................................................................................53
De economische groei ................................................................................................................................ 54
1.31 Begrip ...................................................................................................................................................... 54
1.32 Determinanten van groei.......................................................................................................................... 55
1.33 De voor- en nadelen van de economische groei......................................................................................... 55
De hoogte van het nationaal inkomen en de tewerkstelling ........................................................................ 56
Arbeidsmarkt............................................................................................................................................. 58
1.34 Het aanbod van arbeidskrachten ..............................................................................................................58
1.34.1 Europese vacaturegraad ...............................................................................................................................................59
1.34.2 Waarom moet iedereen langer aan het werk? .............................................................................................................60
1.35 De vraag naar arbeidskrachten .................................................................................................................60
1.35.1 Europese 2020 → 2030-strategie .................................................................................................................................61
1.36 Werkloosheid België ................................................................................................................................ 61
1.36.1 Arbeidsmarkt paradox ..................................................................................................................................................62
1.36.2 Spanningsgraad .............................................................................................................................................................62
1.36.3 Werkloosheidsval ..........................................................................................................................................................62
1.36.4 Budgettair werklozen ....................................................................................................................................................63
1.37 Soorten & oorzaken werkloosheid ............................................................................................................64
1.38 Bestrijding van de werkloosheid ...............................................................................................................64
1.38.1 Samenstelling loonkosten .............................................................................................................................................65
Concurrentievermogen & loonvorming ....................................................................................................... 65
1.39 Concurrentievermogen............................................................................................................................. 65
1.40 Loonvorming............................................................................................................................................66
1.41 Belgische loonindexering .......................................................................................................................... 67
1.42 Gezondheidsindex ....................................................................................................................................67
1.43 Mechanisme automatische loonindexering ............................................................................................... 67
1.44 Belgische loonindexering .......................................................................................................................... 68
1.45 Inflatoire spiraal = loon/ prijsspiraal .........................................................................................................68
1.46 Centrale akkoorden voor de bepaling van de loonnorm .............................................................................68
Innovatie ................................................................................................................................................... 69
1.47 Digitalisering............................................................................................................................................69
Functies van geld ....................................................................................................................................... 70
Betalingsverkeer vandaag .......................................................................................................................... 70
1.48 Geldhoeveelheid in eurozone ................................................................................................................... 71
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, Geldsubstitutie en -schepping .................................................................................................................... 72
1.49 Geldscheppings- of kredietmultiplicator (zie oefening dia 14) ....................................................................73
Vraag en aanbod van geld ......................................................................................................................... 73
1.49.1 Vermogensmarkt ..........................................................................................................................................................73
Monetaire politiek van het eurosysteem..................................................................................................... 73
1.50 Doelstelling & taken (1) ............................................................................................................................ 73
1.50.1 2008 – 2021 expansief monetair beleid .......................................................................................................................74
1.50.2 Rentebeleid eurosysteem .............................................................................................................................................74
1.50.3 ECB centrale beleidsrente .............................................................................................................................................75
1.51 Doelstellingen en taken (2) ....................................................................................................................... 75
1.52 Monetaire beleidsinstrumenten ...............................................................................................................75
Het inflatieverschijnsel (nummering beetje anders dan in handboek) .......................................................... 76
1.53 Begrip: Wat is inflatie? ............................................................................................................................. 76
1.54 Hoe berekent men inflatie in België? CPI ...................................................................................................76
1.54.1 HICP (Europese harmoniseerde index) sinds 1997 (zie verder) ...................................................................................76
1.54.2 Meting van de prijzen (consumptieprijsindex = CPI) ....................................................................................................77
1.55 Gezondheidsindex ....................................................................................................................................78
1.55.1 Mechanisme automatische loonindexering .................................................................................................................78
1.56 Inflatie: soorten naar niveau (gaan ze vragen op het examen) ...................................................................78
1.57 Oorzaken van inflatie ............................................................................................................................... 79
1.58 Gevolgen inflatie ......................................................................................................................................80
1.58.1 Positieve gevolgen van inflatie = voordelen .................................................................................................................80
1.58.2 Negatieve gevolgen van inflatie ....................................................................................................................................80
1.59 Bestrijding inflatie ....................................................................................................................................81
1.60 Evolutie Belgische inflatie ......................................................................................................................... 81
1.61 Deflatie.................................................................................................................................................... 81
Belgische handelsverkeer ........................................................................................................................... 83
1.62 Invoer- & uitvoerquote (formules) ............................................................................................................84
1.63 Openheidsgraad (formule) ....................................................................................................................... 84
1.64 Buitenlandse handel ................................................................................................................................ 84
1.65 Belangrijkste leveranciers & klanten .........................................................................................................85
Vrijhandel en protectie............................................................................................................................... 85
1.66 Voordelen van de internationale vrijhandel .............................................................................................. 85
1.67 Argumenten voor protectie ...................................................................................................................... 85
Handelspolitiek = vormen van protectie (hoe wereldhandel tegenhouden?) ................................................ 86
Wisselmarkt .............................................................................................................................................. 86
1.68 Hoogte van de wisselkoers ....................................................................................................................... 87
1.69 Wisselmarkt = volkomen concurrentie ......................................................................................................88
1.70 Twee wisselkoerssystemen ....................................................................................................................... 88
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