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Class notes Psych 388
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Terminology definitions, Learning Objectives, and study questions for the course study guide. Great to print out for final exam study prep.
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1 | PagePsyc 388 final study questions: Part 1 consists of 40 multiple-choice questions. Part 2 requires you to answer four long-
answer questions. Each long-answer question is worth 15 marks for a total of 60 marks.
You will have three hours to complete the final exam. You will need to budget your time accordingly. For example, you should spend
approximately 40 to 60 minutes on Part 1 of the exam. This will leave you about 30 minutes for each long-answer question. If time permits,
reviewing your work before submitting it is a good idea.
The PSYC 388 tutors have collected the following information over the past few years, which they are offering as helpful preparation for the final
exam.
The best way to prepare for the final exam is to ensure you review the unit overviews, the key terms and concepts, and the study
questions in each unit of the Study Guide.
Review the textbook & study notes you have prepared from the texts. Also, review the multiple-choice quiz questions and any
feedback and comments provided by your tutor on the short-answer quiz questions, as you will find these helpful in preparing for the
exam.
The final exam questions deal with the fundamental knowledge of the course that is important for you to possess when working in
counselling psychology.
Provide as many of the main ideas as can be remembered when responding to a question. Do not make the mistake of just naming
one or two main ideas when the course provides four or five. Supporting details are required, but providing details about just two
of the main ideas won’t make up for missing the main points.
Be sure to answer all the parts of any multi-step question.
Be sure to attend to the keywords of each question (e.g., theories, techniques, skills, qualities, etc.). Do not include irrelevant
material or drift away from the topic. If necessary, underlining the keywords can be an easy reference to let you quickly review the
question's theme as you prepare your answer.
1. define counselling in your own words, using the CCPA definition as a basis for your definition.
- CCPA = skilled & principal use of relationships to increase self-knowledge, emotional acceptance / growth & development
of a person's resources, which provides an opportunity to live more satisfying and resourceful lives.
2. describe the similarities and differences between guidance, counselling, and psychotherapy.
Guidance Counselling Psychotherapy
(SIM) to C Re: support of client choices (SIM) to G Re: support of client choices. (SIM) Includes Individual therapies and
This includes guidance and group and Includes activities, guidance, and group Group therapies.
individual sessions. and individual sessions.
(DIFF) Shortest treatment times. (DIFF) Average length of treatment time. (DIFF) It was initially considered an older
Provides limited assistance in a specific therapy, which has been disproven.
restricted area (parenting, career) Social workers and psychologist Longer length of treatment
Psychatrist or psychologist
3. list the significant events that influenced the development of counselling from 1900 to 2000.
1. Congressional passage of the Smith – Hughes Act 1917 = vocational funding and support in public schools.
2. development of psychometrics post www 1&2
3. Great Depression = research influence & 1st theory of counselling.
4. 1965= CGCA
5. 1970- Canadian mental health and community agency
6. 1973= ACES outlined masters requirements
7. 1980 = Counselling a distinct profession
8. 1986 = NBCC
9. 1990s increase in lit re: multicultural counselling
10.
4. identify and briefly discuss at least five critical factors that have influenced the development of counselling in Canada since
1960.
1. The Early 1900 movement was based on France’s Early Child and Youth Development and Moral Therapy.
2. Clifford Bears founded the National Committee for Mental Health Problems in 1909
3. 1940a, the “bulletin” transitioned into the Canadian Journal of Psychology
4. 1965 CGCA
5. 1986 NBCC 8 areas: For Growth of social and cultural foundations.
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5. identify five issues in counselling and describe the challenges they pose for the profession.
1. Responses to world events = can lead to increased mental health needs among clients, requiring counsellors to
understand the psychological impact of these events and provide culturally sensitive support.
2. Humanitarian efforts = working with refugees, displaced individuals, and survivors of trauma may need
specialized training to effectively address the complex challenges related to displacement, violence, and loss.
3. Government policy changes =New policies related to healthcare, immigration, or social welfare can impact
client access to counselling services and create new challenges for counsellors to navigate when working with
clients affected by these changes.
4. Relevance of the past = Counsellors must understand historical events and their ongoing impact on current
social issues to provide context and support to clients dealing with systemic inequalities or intergenerational
trauma.
5. Technological changes in online therapy and social media can present both opportunities and challenges for
counsellors, including managing ethical considerations related to online communication and addressing issues
stemming from excessive social media use.
Definitions:
Advocacy is supporting or promoting a cause, policy, or idea. It involves efforts to influence decision-makers, raise awareness, and mobilize
public opinion to bring about change by lobbying government officials and campaigns and providing education and resources to the community
to impact society positively. Effective advocacy requires a clear understanding of the issues, strong communication skills, and building coalitions
and partnerships with like-minded individuals and organizations.
Leadership is the ability to guide, support, and empower individuals or groups through personal and professional development. It involves
creating a safe and trusting environment where clients feel valued and understood. Acts as a facilitator, helping individuals to explore their
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, while encouraging self-reflection and growth. Effective counseling leadership requires strong communication
skills, empathy, and the capacity to inspire others to achieve their goals. Ultimately, it fosters resilience and promotes positive change, enabling
individuals to navigate challenges and enhance their overall well-being.
Millennium Trends Positive= has brought forth trends in counselling that prioritize awareness, inclusivity, technology, holistic practices,
prevention, and client empowerment. As these trends continue to evolve, they hold the promise of creating a more supportive and understanding
environment for individuals seeking mental health support.
Increased Awareness and Acceptance
**Diversity and Inclusivity**:
**Integration of Technology**:
**Holistic Approaches**:
**Focus on Prevention and Early Intervention**:
**Client-Centered Practices
Psychotherapy or talk therapy (Therapeutic Approach), is a collaborative treatment that involves a trained mental health professional to help
individuals understand and manage their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Psychotherapy can address a wide range of issues, including anxiety,
depression, trauma, relationship problems, and stress management. The therapist employs various techniques and modalities, such as cognitive-
behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, or humanistic approaches, tailored to the client's unique needs. The goal is to foster self-
awareness, promote personal growth, and develop coping strategies that empower individuals to navigate life's challenges more effectively. The
effectiveness of psychotherapy often hinges on the therapeutic alliance between the client and therapist, characterized by trust, empathy, and open
communication. As clients gain insights into their patterns and behaviors, they can work towards meaningful change, leading to improved mental
health and overall well-being.
Roger F. Aubrey emphasizes the importance of innovation and creativity in problem-solving. Aubrey's approach combines analytical thinking
with a deep understanding of human behavior. His insights have inspired many to pursue excellence and embrace challenges as opportunities for
growth.
Aaron Beck psychiatrist and psychotherapist, best known for developing cognitive therapy, which emphasizes the role of negative thought
patterns in mental health disorders. His work has significantly influenced the field of psychology, particularly in the treatment of depression and
anxiety. Beck's cognitive model posits that individuals can change their emotional responses by altering their thought processes. He also founded
the Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy, which continues to promote research and training in cognitive therapy. Beck's contributions
have paved the way for a more structured and evidence-based approach to psychotherapy, making him a key figure in modern psychology.
Clifford Beers was a pioneering figure in the field of mental health, known for his advocacy for the rights of individuals with mental illness and
for founding the mental hygiene movement.
Eric Berne, a psychiatrist, is best known for developing Transactional Analysis, a theory of social interaction and communication.
Albert Ellis was a prominent psychologist who created Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), emphasizing the role of rational thinking in
emotional well-being.
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Lawrence Kohlberg is renowned for his theory of moral development, which outlines the stages through which individuals progress in their
understanding of morality.
John Krumboltz was an influential figure in career counseling, known for his Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making, which
emphasizes the role of learning experiences in shaping career choices.
Abraham Maslow is famous for his hierarchy of needs, a psychological theory that prioritizes human motivation based on a series of needs from
basic to self-actualization.
Jane Myers contributed significantly to the field of counseling psychology, particularly in the areas of career development and counseling.
Frank Parsons is often referred to as the father of vocational guidance, having established the foundations for career counseling practices.
Donald Super was a key figure in career development theory, known for his life-span, life-space approach to understanding how individuals
navigate their careers.
Carl Rogers, a humanistic psychologist, is celebrated for his client-centered therapy, which emphasizes empathy and unconditional positive
regard in the therapeutic relationship.
E. G. Williamson was a significant contributor to vocational guidance and counseling, known for his work in developing the Minnesota Point of
View, which integrates personality and vocational choice.
5. Describe how the vocational guidance movement in public schools, and later in Canadian colleges and universities, contributed to the
growth of the profession of counselling in Canada.
Initially, vocational guidance aimed to assist students in making informed career choices based on their skills and interests. This movement laid
the groundwork for the establishment of formal counselling services, as educators recognized the need for trained professionals to support
students in their personal and academic development.
As vocational guidance evolved, it expanded beyond mere career advice to encompass a broader range of counselling services, including
emotional and psychological support. This shift highlighted the importance of mental health and well-being in educational settings, leading to the
integration of counselling into the school system.
The establishment of counselling programs in Canadian colleges and universities further solidified the profession, providing specialized training
for aspiring counsellors. These programs emphasized the importance of ethical practice, cultural competence, and evidence-based approaches,
contributing to the professionalization of counselling in Canada.
Overall, the vocational guidance movement was instrumental in shaping the counselling profession, fostering a greater understanding of the role
of counsellors in supporting individuals' educational and personal journeys.
6. In your view, which decades are the most influential in the development of the counselling profession? Which time period was
the least significant? Support your positions.
The most influential decades in the development of the counselling profession are the 1950s and 1960s, marked by the establishment of
professional organizations and the rise of humanistic psychology.
The least significant time period is often considered the 1940s, as it was a transitional phase with limited advancements in counselling practices.
Describe the similarities and differences between the history of counselling in the United States and the counselling movement in Canada.
7. How did the growing and expanded psychological theories impact counselling in Canada? Describe that impact.
by introducing diverse therapeutic approaches, enhancing understanding of mental health issues, and promoting evidence-based practices. This
evolution has led to more personalized and effective counselling strategies, improved accessibility to mental health services, and a greater
emphasis on cultural competence in therapy.
8. Identify five issues that the profession of counselling will likely have to deal with in the future. Discuss the implications of each for the
practice of counselling.
1. **Technological Advancements**: The rise of teletherapy and digital mental health tools may enhance accessibility but could also lead
to challenges in maintaining client confidentiality and establishing rapport.
2. **Cultural Competence**: As societies become more diverse, counsellors will need to develop skills to effectively work with clients
from various cultural backgrounds, which may require ongoing education and training.
3. **Mental Health Stigma**: Despite progress, stigma surrounding mental health issues persists, potentially discouraging individuals from
seeking help and complicating outreach efforts.
4. **Regulatory Changes**: Evolving laws and regulations regarding mental health practice may impact licensure requirements and the
scope of practice, necessitating continuous professional development.
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5. **Economic Factors**: Economic downturns can affect funding for mental health services, leading to reduced access for clients and
increased pressure on counsellors to provide services under constrained resources.
9. describe the counsellor qualities that can impact the counselling environment.
include empathy, active listening, non-judgmental attitude, cultural competence, and strong communication skills. These attributes foster trust,
create a safe space for clients, and enhance the overall effectiveness of the counselling process.identify the symptoms of burnout, describe its
treatment, and identify ways to prevent it.
10. differentiate between the disciplines of counselling, social work, psychology, and psychiatry
Counselling focuses on providing guidance and support to individuals facing personal challenges, while social work emphasizes helping
individuals and communities improve their well-being through social services. Psychology studies mental processes and behavior, often through
research and therapy, whereas psychiatry is a medical field that diagnoses and treats mental health disorders, often using medication. Each
discipline has its unique approach and methods for addressing mental health and social issues..
11. describe the education/credentialing processes related to the various counselling professionals in Canada.
In Canada, the education and credentialing processes for counseling professionals vary by specialization. Generally, most counselors hold a
master's degree in counseling, psychology, or social work. They are often required to complete supervised clinical hours and pass a
licensing exam to practice. Additionally, many provinces have specific regulatory bodies that set standards for practice and may require
ongoing professional development to maintain licensure.
Definitions:
Burnout: A state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged and excessive stress, often related to work.
Careers in counselling: Professional paths focused on providing guidance and support to individuals facing personal, social, or
psychological challenges.
Compensatory model: A theoretical framework that suggests providing additional support or resources to individuals to help them
overcome disadvantages.
Developmental/wellness approach: A perspective in counselling that emphasizes personal growth and well-being throughout different life
stages.
DSM-IV-TR: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision; a classification system for mental
health disorders.
Effective counsellors: Professionals who successfully help clients achieve their goals and improve their mental health through various
therapeutic techniques.
Enlightenment model: A theoretical approach that focuses on gaining insight and understanding as a means of personal growth and
healing.
Generalist human service workers: Professionals who provide a range of services to individuals and communities, often addressing
various social issues.
Medical model: A perspective that views mental health issues primarily as medical conditions that require diagnosis and treatment.
Medical/pathological model: An approach that emphasizes the biological and physiological aspects of mental health disorders.
Moral model: A viewpoint that attributes mental health issues to moral failings or ethical shortcomings.
Nonprofessional helpers: Individuals who provide support and assistance without formal training or credentials in counselling or therapy.
Paraprofessionals: Trained individuals who assist professionals in delivering services but do not have the same level of education or
certification.
Personal qualities: Traits or characteristics that contribute to an individual's effectiveness in a professional role, particularly in counselling.
Professional helpers: Individuals with formal training and credentials who provide support and guidance to clients in need.
Psychiatrists: Medical doctors specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders, often able to prescribe medication.
Psychologists: Professionals trained in the study of behavior and mental processes, often providing therapy and psychological assessments.
Social worker: Professionals who assist individuals and families in overcoming social, emotional, and economic challenges.
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