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LING 1010 UCONN EXAM 1
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LING 1010 UCONN EXAM 1
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LING 1010 UCONN EXAM 1Innateness Hypothesis for language - Answers - follows with Plato's belief that humans
have innate knowledge at birth and gain further knowledge not from environment, but
from awakened intuition
Plato's Problem - Answers - "How do people come to know so much on the basis of so
little experience"
• All ideas are 'innate' (they come from our nature)
Chomsky's idea about how children acquire language - Answers - • Claimed that there
is a considerable innate aspect to our linguistic knowledge
• Children are born with a 'workbook' with sections that spell out what occurs in all
languages and sections where the text specifies possibilities
• Theory of Universal Grammar
oChildren instinctively know how to combine a noun (e.g. a boy) and a verb (to eat) into
a meaningful, correct phrase (A boy eats).
• Language Acquisition Device is the innate biological ability of humans to acquire and
develop language
Why Chomsky's Innateness Hypothesis is controversial - Answers - • The idea that
humans are born with 'instincts'
• Clashes with the idea that the human mind is fundamentally different from the minds of
other animals
• Clashes with the notion of 'free will'
• Clashes with the idea of the 'American Dream'
• Can potential lead to idea that people are not all equal, which can lead to
discrimination and racism
Empiricism - Answers - the mind at birth does not come with pre-wired knowledge and is
thus a 'blank slate' (tabula rasa), on which experience will 'write' learned knowledge
Famous Empiricists - Answers - Aristotle, Hume, Locke, Berkeley, Sampson
AHLBS (Way to remember Empiricsits)
Aristotle Hume Locke Berkley Sampson - Answers - All Homies Love Big Swizzle
Rationalism - Answers - theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason
and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response, idea that major
aspects of our knowledge system are present without the need for sensory input from
the (prenatal and postnatal) environment.
• Agree on the fact that the experiences that people have after their birth (or even after
conception) are not rich enough to explain that people come to know so many things
Famous Rationalists - Answers - Plato, Descartes, Leibniz, Spinoza, Kant, James,
Chomsky, Pinker
, Empirical Science - Answers - • View point that knowledge derives from the senses
• 'Real science' should be based on observable data
• Scientific method must be used
Mind-Body Dualism - Answers - o World contains two essentially different kinds of
'substances': the material world (matter, stuff that we can touch, measure, and weigh)
and conscious experience (the mind, which we cannot access with our sensory organs).
• Body and mind are two different things
Body - Answers - res extensa
Mind - Answers - res cogitans
Monism - Answers - • the belief that there is only one type of substance, with properties
of only one type
Idealism
Materialism - Answers - Two Possibilities regarding monism
Idealism (Berkley) - Answers - Reducing everything to mental things, there is only mind
Materialism - Answers - Reducing everything to material things, there is only matter
Behaviorism - Answers - the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in
terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, study perceptible behavior
in the material world as a substitute for studying the mind that causes that behavior
Watson and Skinner - Answers - Famous Behaviorists?
Physicalism - Answers - the study of physical brain processes that can be measured
while behavior happens or even while there is no visible behavior and just measurable
brain activity
Identity Theory - Answers - which says, to put it bluntly, 'mind = brain' (i.e., the mind is
identical to brain [processes]; 'the mind is what the brain does'
Cognitive Science - Answers - the study of (mental) processes underlying intelligent
behavior (of humans, animals, and even machines).
Focused on intelligent behavior of biological entities (both humans and animals), with a
special emphasis on humans
Functional Level, Implementation level, Algorithmic level - Answers - Three components
of Tri-level hypothesis
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