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Summary of information that has been asked a lot of times on the Progress Test of Tourism Management
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Progress TestSummary
2020
,Content
Bono’s thinking hats................................................................................................................................ 3
Heneghan’s 5A’s model .......................................................................................................................... 3
IATA Codes .............................................................................................................................................. 3
Types of working together ...................................................................................................................... 3
Five Stages of Team Development.......................................................................................................... 4
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions .............................................................................................................. 4
Vrooms expectancy theory ..................................................................................................................... 4
Doxy’s Irritation Irridex ........................................................................................................................... 5
Miles & Snow’s Organizational strategies .............................................................................................. 5
Butler’s Life Cycle .................................................................................................................................... 6
Pay-for-performance plan....................................................................................................................... 6
The Communication Process Model ....................................................................................................... 6
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ................................................................................................................. 7
The Johari Window ................................................................................................................................. 7
The Lewis Model ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Pricing Strategies .................................................................................................................................... 9
Bennett’s Theory of Intercultural Sensitivity .......................................................................................... 9
Communication Process Barriers ............................................................................................................ 9
Greiner’s Growth Model ....................................................................................................................... 10
7S Model McKinsey ............................................................................................................................... 11
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory.............................................................................................................. 11
Quinn Conflict Handling Styles .............................................................................................................. 12
X and Y Theory ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Jansen-Verbeke ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Ofman’s Core Quadrant Model............................................................................................................. 13
Leadership Grid/diagram by Blake & Mouton ...................................................................................... 14
Governmental layers............................................................................................................................. 15
Leadership roles of Quinn ..................................................................................................................... 15
Supply chain management.................................................................................................................... 16
Structure of attitudes............................................................................................................................ 16
Rational decision-making process......................................................................................................... 16
Marketing communication mix ............................................................................................................. 16
According to Cohen (1972) ................................................................................................................... 16
According to Plog (1977) ....................................................................................................................... 17
According to Smith (1989) .................................................................................................................... 17
1
,According to Gunn (1972) ..................................................................................................................... 17
Hallmark-events .................................................................................................................................... 17
Kotler’s 8 Steps Change model ............................................................................................................. 17
BCG Matrix ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Kotler’s (Business) buying decision process.......................................................................................... 18
Divergent and Convergent Thinking ..................................................................................................... 19
Variable costs ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Ethos, Logos, Pathos ............................................................................................................................. 20
Big Five model ....................................................................................................................................... 20
Game Theory......................................................................................................................................... 21
Mission and vision................................................................................................................................. 21
SWOT Analysis....................................................................................................................................... 21
Adventure Quadrants by Addison (1999) ............................................................................................. 22
Micro, meso, macro .............................................................................................................................. 22
ServQual ................................................................................................................................................ 23
Definitions ............................................................................................................................................. 23
Policy making process ........................................................................................................................... 25
Other ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
Terms .................................................................................................................................................... 28
UNESCO ................................................................................................................................................. 28
Forms of marketing ............................................................................................................................... 28
Types of research .................................................................................................................................. 29
Types of sampling ................................................................................................................................. 29
Types of data ......................................................................................................................................... 29
Breaks in a document ........................................................................................................................... 29
T- ....................................................................................................................................................... 30
Chi-square test ...................................................................................................................................... 30
Legal forms: United Kingdom................................................................................................................ 30
Legal forms: The Netherlands ............................................................................................................... 30
APA ........................................................................................................................................................ 31
Business Economics .............................................................................................................................. 31
Shares .................................................................................................................................................... 33
2
,Bono’s thinking hats
Heneghan’s 5A’s model
- Activities → Attractions, pubs, walks, fishing, visitor farms
- Attractions → Monuments, zoos, museum, art galleries, structures
- Access → Roads, airplane, train, public transport
- Accommodation → Camping, resort, hotel, hostel, apartment
- Amenities → Public toilets, retail shopping, restaurant, stores
IATA Codes
First Class F, A, P, R
Business Class J, D, C, I, Z
Economy Class E, M, W, S, Y, B, G, H, K, L, N, O, Q, T, V, X
Types of working together
- Strategic alliances & trade cooperatives → Two or more firms working together
without creating a new legal entity.
- Joint venture → Two or more companies that set up a subsidiary company on the
basis of equal management (temporarily working together)
- Mergers and acquisitions → Two comparable companies that are joining (Stenden &
NHL)
- Outsourcing → Subcontracting, falls in a special category of working together. As
production increases in scale, enterprises have to focus on their main activities.
- Licensing → Coca cola gives companies in other countries the right to produce coca
cola drinks under license for a fee
- Franchising → You start your own company with name of existing company. (E.g. A
supermarket)
3
, Five Stages of Team Development
Stage 1: When team first meets each other. They are feeling each other out and
Forming finding their way around how they might work together.
Stage 2: Team members compete with each other for status and acceptance of their
Storming ideas. They have different opinions on what should be done and how it should
be done.
Stage will come to a close when team becomes more accepting of each other
and learns how to work together.
Stage 3: Beginning to work more effectively as a team. They are no longer focused on
Norming individual goals, but rather on developing a way of working together. Working
together seems more natural now. Trust begins to exist.
Stage 4: Teams functioning at a very high level. The focus is on reaching the goal as a
Performing group. The team members have gotten to know each other, trust each other
and rely on each other.
Stage 5: Project is coming to an end and team members are moving off into different
Adjourning directions.
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Vrooms expectancy theory
Expectancy: Belief that increased effort will lead to increased performance
Instrumentality: Indicates how performance and rewards are related
Valence: Importance that the individual places upon the expected
outcome. For an organisation it is good to know the values of an individual
and their needs. e.g. one values money will the others values a day off.
The variable that indicates how performance and reward are related is
called → Instrumentality
4
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