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Summary British Civilisation an introduction (handbook CHUKUS UK)

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Summary of the handbook 'British Civilization: An Introduction' by John Oakland (8th edition) - L. Magnus - Applied Linguistics (TTK) - University of Antwerp - CHUKUS UK - Bachelor 2 - Semester 2

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  • H1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 en 11 (editie 8)
  • June 12, 2020
  • July 29, 2020
  • 41
  • 2019/2020
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  • Toegepaste Taalkunde
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TTK – UAntwerpen – L. Magnus – CHUKUS – 2019-2020


British Civilisation: An Introduction – John Oakland
ENG = England | W = Wales | SC = Scotland | GB = Great Britain | IR = Ireland | N-IR = Northern Ireland | gvt(s). = government(s) | c. = century/centuries
Terms in blue squares at the end of each chapter in the book are important and will come on the exam: see my document ‘glossary’ with all the terms &
their definitions & relevance to the UK
Chapter 1: The British context
Historical Successive settlement  Pre-history: Old, Middle and New Stone Age nomads
growth & invasion from about  Celtic groups, Belgic tribes, Romans, Germanic tribes (Anglo-Saxons), Scandinavians
600 BC – 1066 AD (Vikings) & Normans (with Norman Conquest 1066 by William the Conqueror)
 Consequence: diversity + separate nations of ENG, W, SC & IR
Dynastic union of ENG James VI of SC inherited English throne as James I of ENG in 1603 after death of Elizabeth I
& SC
Towards a British  Parliamentary power base: Westminster, London
state  1707: Political unions between ENG, W & SC (GB)
 1801: between GB and IR (UK)  1921: Southern IR became independent Republic of IR
Development British  Extension of earlier English monarchs’ internal military expansionism
Empire (and successor  Seeking raw materials, possessions, trade & power overseas  Colonialism, aided by
Commonwealth) increasing military strength
Industrial & urbanised  Manufacturing & financial base, with connections to Europe
country (from the late  Industrial revolutions
18th c.)  Inventions & major advances
Industrial & political Economic & military prowess  Develop Western principles of e.g. law, liberty, capitalism,
world power (by the parliamentary democracy
19th c.)
Many political reforms  E.g. formation of Labour Party  Two-party tradition
 E.g. creation of welfare state, associated with first major Labour gvt., led by PM Clement
Attlee (1945-51), who inaugurated radical reform programmes leading to the welfare
state, NHS & nationalisation of private industry into public services
 Later changes in 20th c., e.g. shifts along more free market lines
Devolution by 1998-99 Transfer of some political power from London Parliament to elected bodies in SC, W and N-IR
International decline  Social & economic strength reduced by two world wars
in 20th century  Dismantling of imperial global power
 Domestic developments, e.g. immigration
31 January, 2020 Ongoing scepticism about Europe and the 2016 referendum resulted in the UK leaving the EU
Structural Traditional view  Guided by pragmatism rather than FML arrangements & theories

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, TTK – UAntwerpen – L. Magnus – CHUKUS – 2019-2020


change historical growth &  Development of British way of life < evolutionary responses to changing circumstances
structural change
Second view  Historical realities of oppression, unfairness, division of opinion & lack of shared values
 Characterised by dissension & lack of certainty rather than cohesion
Structural/institutional  Conditioned by a mixture of arguments
changes  Abrupt & violent changes  Others occurred in a slower, more pragmatic, evolutionary
fashion
Democratic deficit  FML institutions concerned with state or public business
o Policies in ‘top-down’ form: decided by centralised bodies  imposed on lower levels
(power hierarchy)
Contempo Divisions in British  Dominant influence (and separateness) of & centralised control from London
rary society  Cultural & ethnic distinctiveness of W, SC, N-IR & ENG + cultural & economic gaps
condition between N & S
s  Demands for greater autonomy, democracy & accountability in devolved & local gvt.
areas
 Decline in support for authority & national institutions  Tolerant civic image has suffered
 However: golden age = myth; assumed ideal past (conservatism)  change;
modernisation
 Dependency culture  Enterprise culture (people more responsible for own affairs)
 Difficulties balancing free market & social welfare models of society
 Post-industrial economy where long-term planning or fundamental reform is necessary
British Increasing  Individualistic, independent & dissenting British tradition that has been cynical, irreverent,
attitudes dissatisfaction in critical & apathetic about state structures & powerful individuals
to Britain recent years  Increase in immigration & terrorist threat now significant concern

Chapter 2: The country
Geograp Not part of  Isle of Man in the Irish Sea & the Channel Islands off north coast of France: own identities, legal
hical the UK system, legislatures & administrative structures; self-governing Crown Dependencies with historical
identities relationship with British Crown
 British gvt. responsible for their defence & foreign relations & can intervene if good administration is
not maintained
Levels of  Identification with civic national unit & sense of Britishness weakening among some white Britons
geographical  Smaller level: peoples of SC, W, ENG & N-IR conscious of ethnic identities
identification


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, TTK – UAntwerpen – L. Magnus – CHUKUS – 2019-2020


Division into  May reflect specific identity
geographic  Regions ≠ modern local gvt. structures
‘regions’  Following devolution, SC, W & N-IR became self-governing ‘national’ units rather than ‘regions’ &
(areas) nine regions were created in ENG, which took the form of Regional Development Agencies
o Intended that they would develop into elected regional gvt. assemblies in ENG analogous to the
devolved structures in W, SC & N-IR  This did not happen outside London  English people
tended not to identify with the RDAs  Coalition gvt. abolished RDAs in 2010  Replaced them,
trying to create local identity, enterprise partnerships & zones for their area, & which are
sometimes referred to as ‘regions’
 No longer devolved gvt. role, but administrative purposes
Smaller  Sense of belonging; reflects a wish by local populations to assert individual identities
level:  May be based on county structures, cities & towns, villages & local gvt. areas
‘localism’  Identification with local areas was more significant when the British were a rural people
Physical Countryside Rural residents, campaign groups, conservationists & farmers feel neglected by UK gvt. & politicians:
features tension urban  rural cultures
Diversity  15 National Parks in ENG, e.g. Lake District, W (Snowdonia) & SC (the Cairngorms)
 Inland water, e.g. lakes & rivers
 Giant’s Causeway and Antrim coast of N-IR, white Cliffs of Dover in southern ENG, Highlands of SC,
Welsh valleys & mountains
 From mountains to coal deposits (< swamp forests covering lowland zones buried by sand, soil & mud)
 Ice Ages, glaciers, highland areas, weathering agents…
Natural  Geological tilting from N to S, rising sea levels & erosion  Loss of land, houses & farms
forces  Melting of glaciers in last Ice Age  Sea levels raised  Britain separated from European mainland
by the North Sea & English Channel & north-east coast of N-IR separated from SC by North Channel
o Shortest stretch of water between two land masses = Strait of Dover
Protection Flooding  Barriers against tidal water, e.g. London flood barrier 1984 across river Thames
Physical  Highland Britain: N & W + lowland Britain: S & E of the country
relief  N & W: older, harder rocks created by ancient earth movements  Unsuitable for cultivation
 S & E: younger, softer materials formed by weathering processes  Good agricultural conditions
England Relief &  Highland areas in N & S-W; highland zones marked by Cheviot Hills, north-western mountain region
population of Lake District & Cumbrian Mountains (with Scafell Pike); northern plateau of Pennines; Peak District
of Derbyshire; & south-western plateau of Devon & Cornwall
 Eastern ENG has low-lying flat lands of the Norfolk Broads, the Cambridgeshire & Lincolnshire Fens &
the Suffolk Marshes


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, TTK – UAntwerpen – L. Magnus – CHUKUS – 2019-2020


 Low hill ranges stretch: North Yorkshire Moors, Cotswolds, the Kent & Sussex Downs & Chiltern Hills
 Population concentrations: largest (historically industrial & manufacturing) towns & cities, e.g.
London & those in S-E ENG generally; West Midlands region around Birmingham; Yorkshire cities of
Leeds, Bradford & Sheffield; north-western area around Liverpool & Manchester & N-E region
comprising Newcastle & Sunderland
Wales Relief &  Highland country with Cambrian Mountains (Welsh Massif); highest mountains are in National Park
population area of Snowdonia in N-W (dominant peak of Snowdon)
 Lowland zones restricted to narrow coastal belts & lower parts of river valleys in S-W, where 2/3 of
Welsh population live
 Urban concentrations around bigger southern cities, e.g. capital Cardiff, Swansea & Newport
Scotland Three areas  North-West & Central Highlands (Grampians; with Ben Nevis) + islands off W & N-E coasts: thinly
populated
 Central Lowlands: ¾ of Scottish population
 Southern Uplands
Population  Main concentrations: around capital Edinburgh, Glasgow, & regional centres of Aberdeen & Dundee
Northern Around N-IR  < 1921: a 303 mile (488 km) border in the S & W with Republic of Ireland
Ireland  North-eastern tip which is only 13 miles (21 km) from Scottish coast (Strait of Dover)  Encouraged
migration
Relief  Rocky northern coastline, south-central fertile plain & mountainous areas in the W (Sperrin
Mountains), N-E (Antrim Mountains) & S-E (Mourne Mountains, with highest peak Slieve Donard)
 Lough Neagh in centre of country (freshwater lake)
 Valleys leading from the lough: most of the large towns, e.g. Belfast (capital)

Chapter 3: The people big outlines only, no details/numbers
Early Discoveries  Boxgrove Man: earliest human bones found in Britain (West Sussex)
settleme  Butchered animal bones & stone tools indicate hominid activity (East Anglia)
nt to AD  Human footprints (Happisburgh, Norfolk)  Earliest direct evidence of human presence in
1066 northern Europe
Palaeolithic Old Stone Age; nomads; used rudimentary stone implements
Homo Appeared during Palaeolithic period (Neanderthals)
sapiens
Mesolithic Middle Stone Age; settlers arrived by land & sea between melting of glacial ice caps & beginnings
of agriculture
Neolithic New Stone Age; skills in stone carving, formed settled agricultural communities & tamed animals &

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