This is a 102 page summary, all you need to know to pass this DIFFICULT COMPREHENSIVE subject, the first time around. This summary relates to 12 learning units. This is all you need for a distinction in your assignments as well as on your exams. This is nice and colorful summary to make your studie...
,Taxes levied on: PROPORTIONAL TAX Fixed rate on amount of income earned
INCOME
Calculate amount of tax by the person
• Tax on income earned PROGRESSIVE TAX income. Higher income = higher tax rate
• Example: Income tax
• Method: Proportional Tax
REGRESSIVE TAX Higher income = tax rate decreases
CONSUMPTION
• Tax on the sale or use of goods or services
• Example: VAT, excise duty and domestic
consumption
• Method: Progressive Tax
Impact and incidence of tax falls on the
WEALTH same person
• Tax on ownership of assets or capital gains from the DIRECT TAX • Income tax
sale of property • Capital gains tax
• Example: Capital gains tax, estate duty and
donations tax Seller bears impact of tax, consumer pays
• Method: Progressive Tax INDIRECT TAX the tax
OTHER
• Tax on income earned
• Example: Transfer duty, fuel levy
, The subjects of every state ought to contribute,
Equity almost in proportion to their abilities, towards
the support of the government.
Certainty The tax that every individual is bound to pay
should be certain and not arbitrary.
Every tax should be levied at the time or in the
Convenience manner most convenient for the contributor to
pay it.
Every tax should be such that the contributor pays
Economy the minimal additional cost for administration and
in submission costs beyond its actual tax
, The budget is the process that government follows to determine how
much money it needs and therefore how much tax must be collected.
MEDIUM-TERM The government’s budgeting process starts with the preparation of the medium-term expenditure framework document.
EXPENDITURE This document sets out the expected expenditure of the different government departments and the expected revenue
FRAMEWORK for the next three years.
The expenditure framework also seeks to implement certain broad economic policy objectives.
These macro-economic policies include
• the maintenance of full-time employment;
• the achievement of a high rate of economic growth;
• the maintenance of price stability (that is to say the prevention of inflation); and
• the maintenance of external equilibrium (that is to say the maintenance of a favourable balance of payments and a
stable exchange rate).
1st Measure to achieve the macro-economic goals = FISCAL POLICY
• Fiscal policy influences the total demand in the household’s economy.
2nd Measure to achieve the macro-economic goals = MONETARY POLICY
• Monetary policy is the action by the monetary authority aimed at influencing the use of money and credit
, The budget is the process that government follows to determine how
much money it needs and therefore how much tax must be collected.
THE NATIONAL 1st part of the speech
BUDGET • Short review of the economic, political, social and other circumstances that have an effect on the budget proposals
2nd part of the speech
• Most important items of estimated state of expenditure
3rd part of the speech
• Budget documents
• the estimate of expenditure to be defrayed from the National Revenue Fund;
• the estimate of income to be received;
• the statistical/economic survey;
• the tax proposals;
• comparative figures of income; and
• any other relevant documents.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller loretjenkinson. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $8.52. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
