A Level History- Edexcel- Russia Topic 2 Guaranteed success

What are the Fundamental Laws? - ANSWERSeffectively a new constitution created by the Tsar in 1906 What power did the fundamental laws give to the Tsar? - ANSWERS-Article 4= Tsar has god given and absolute autocratic power -Article 87= Nick has the right to create laws without consulting the Duma -Tsar had the right to dissolve the Duma -Tsar had command over the army and dealings with foreign power What power did the Duma have under the fundamental laws? - ANSWERS-created a bicameral system, upper house appointed by both Tsar and church, lower house elected -upper house could veto laws proposed by lower house -guaranteed individual freedoms e.g. expression, conscience, form political parties and press What was the response to the fundamental laws? - ANSWERS-Libeals not satisfied: lower house did not have enough law making power, the promise of individual rights were meaningless -socialists argued it failed to address Russia's underlying issues What radical demands did the Duma make? - ANSWERS-creation of universal suffrage -land reform -freedom for political prisoners How long did it take for the first duma to be dissolved? - ANSWERS73 days What was the Vyborg Manifesto? - ANSWERSThe Duma members called upon their fellow citizens to refuse to pay taxes until the Duma was restored What probelsm happened between 1905 and 1907? - ANSWERS-peasant and terrorist attacks -15,000 dead -45,000 exiled to Siberia -redemption payments to peasants cut by half but this did not reduce uprisings What was the 2nd Duma like? - ANSWERS-split between the radical and conservative groups -octoberists worked with Stolypin on land reforms -lasted 3 months, it exposed the limits of the reforms and the true nature of the govt What were the 3rd and 4th dumas like? - ANSWERS -did not demand major reforms -boradly supported stolypins policies -it was known as 'Stolypins' Duma and was largely conservative -lasted 5 years What changes did the 3rd and 4th dumas make? - ANSWERS-plan to establish universal primary education -health and accident insurance programmes -improvements to russian army -Zemstvos able to reassert authority in local areas What was the Tsars relationship with the later dumas? - ANSWERS-unwilling to work with them -believed them to be a threat because they gave his opposition a position of power and they wrote reports on the Tsar's rule How did Stolypin cause repression? - ANSWERS-offiials given the right to imprison people without putting them on trial -military given power to dispense justice (milotary courts) and could exile and execute rebels How many people did Stolypin's courts find guilty of political crimes? - ANSWERSaround 38,000 between What action was taken against revolutionary parties under Stolypin? - ANSWERS SRs killed over 1000 govt officials so leaders had to run away 1907-14 the russian police infiltrated the parties, used surveillance and subversion - created mistrust within the parties What were Stolypin's land reforms? - ANSWERS- aimed to create a class of conservative landowning peasants - own more land, want to protect it and make a profit - therefore would support the government and forget about revolution What were Stolypin economic reforms? - ANSWERS-Peasant Land Bank encouraged to give more loans to buy land -gave loans to peasants to move to unfarmed land areas like siberia -easier for peasants to establish own farms instead of having a commune What were the impacts of Stolypin's land reforms? - ANSWERSby 1914 20% left villages to own their own land -increase in agricultural production What were the successes of Stolypins reforms? - ANSWERSpeasants owning land increased from 20% in 1905 to 50% in 1915 80% migrants to siberia stayed there .5 million peasants moved to siberia agricultural production 45.9 million tonnes 1906 to 61.2 million tonnes in 1913 What were the failures of Stolypin's reforms? - ANSWERS-had limited impact in urban areas -majority of peasants who accepted Stolypin's incentives were located in more prosperous areas e.g. Ukraine and south Russia What were the causes of the Lena Goldfields Massacre? - ANSWERS-poor housing conditions -poor food quality -working day around 11 hours What were the list of demands of the Lena Goldfields massacre? - ANSWERS-8 hour day -sick pay -30% wage increase -paid overtime -respect from company officials What happened during the massacre and the aftermath? - ANSWERS-1 month standstill -govt sent troops and 90 soldiers open fired on 3,000 unarmed marchers -160 killed, 200 wounded -failed= no improvements, around 10,000 gave up and left -gave rise to a wave of protests How many workers were on strike in 1912 and 1914? - ANSWERS1912= 750,000 1914= 1,450,000 What was the nature of Tsarist govt in 1914? - ANSWERS-Duma could question ministers and monitor key areas of govt policy e.g. Duma set up Military Committee 1907 -largely free press -emerging independent trade unions What were the Russian army's strengths? - ANSWERS-Size, 1.4 million soldiers and 3 million reserves -introduction of military aircraft -the 'Grand Plan' to use offensive strategies in the Balkans to secure Russia's borders What were the problems with the Russian army? - ANSWERS-incompetent generals, only had their positions due to family connections -Russian soldiers were the least educated out of any European army -industry underdeveloped compared to other European nations -modernisation plans were designed to ensure the army was ready for war in 1917 -Tsar authorised a massive programme of naval expansion in 1907 which took up most of the military budget What were the economic problems due to the war? - ANSWERS-inflation 200% -food prices even higher, price of flour up by 500% -rations decreased from 4,000 calories to 2,000 calories -population increase between 1914 and 1917 from 2.1 million to 2.7 million -Munitions crisis: industry lacked capacity to produce enough, by 1915 army limited to firing 3 shells a day -transport networks struggled with the need to transport troops, munitions and food Who was Rasputin? - ANSWERSa faith healer who advised the Tsar. However, Rasputin's influence over the Tsar had extended to interfering in government appointments, particularly after the war broke out in 1914. He was known for drunkenness and womanising. He was murdered in 1916 What was the Zemgor? - ANSWERSFormed 1915, Organisation that co-ordinated voluntary support for the war effort Its work included: production of uniforms, medicine, munitions, distribution of food, aid to refugees, medical care What was the progressive bloc? - ANSWERSA political alliance of Duma deputies, united by their desire for constitutional reform. What was the Tsar's response to the Progressive Bloc? - ANSWERS-refused to collaborate, believed it had no role in govt How many workers were on strike by 1916? - ANSWERS880,000 What happened on International Women's Day? - ANSWERSthousands of women took to the streets on strike from the new rationing of bread increased and developed, around 1 million people ended up being involved What was the general strike of pretrograd? - ANSWERS25th feb 200,000 protesting in Petrograd, Cossak troops who had been ordered to disperse the protests instead joined in and handed out rifles and bread to the people of Petrograd What were the consequences of this? - ANSWERSTsar's govt lost control of the capital Workers Introduced 2 new organisations: -The provisional committee: 12 members of Duma who kept govt going during crisis -The petrograd Soviet: a committee of workers formed to coordinate strikes and formulate the demands of the workers What was Order Number 1? - ANSWERSOrdered the army to democratise gave soldiers the power to elect their own officials What happened on the 2nd of March? - ANSWERS-Tsar abdicated for himself and his son -He had failed to gain the support of the army -He had failed to reach a compromise with the middle class in 1905 and they eventually lost faith in him due to rumours of corruption -middle class believed the Tsar to be an obstacle in the way for a Russian victory in the war