Comprehensive notes of years 1 & 2 pathophysiology content from the University of Technology Sydney. This includes Assessment & Therapeutics 1, Assessment & Therapeutics 2, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 1, and Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2. There is some additional notes on Nursing Care of ...
2. Identify the organisation and function of organs within their respective
systems (cardiovascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, nervous, respiratory)
Cardiovascular system
- Heart: the hearts function is to pump blood throughout the body. It is located to the left of the
middle of the chest
- Blood vessels (three types)
→ Arteries: carry oxygenated blood away from heart to the tissue of the body
→ Veins: carry deoxygenated blood from the tissue back to the heart
→ Capillaries: are the ones responsible for the facilitation of gas, fluid and nutrient
exchange in the body
Endocrine system
- Hypothalamus: the core area for homeostasis in the human body controlling many bodily
functions including hunger, thirst, body temperature and levels of hormones in circulation. It has
two sets of nerve cells that produce particular hormones, one leading to the posterior lobe of
the pituitary gland and one leading to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Hormones made in the hypothalamus
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Somatostatin
Dopamine
Anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin)
, Nursing Review Years 1 & 2
Oxytocin
- Pituitary gland: a pea sized gland located in the middle of the skull just below the hypothalamus.
It stores and produces hormones that are secreted into the bloodstream
Hormones stored in the posterior Hormones made in the anterior pituitary
pituitary gland gland
Anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
**Only stored in posterior pituitary gland
Oxytocin **Only stored in posterior Growth hormone (GH)
pituitary gland
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
- Pineal gland: secretes the single hormone- melatonin, which helps to control circadian rhythm
- Thyroid gland: located in the middle lower neck- just below the larynx. It is responsible for cell
metabolism, growth and controlling the body’s basal metabolic rate, this is done through the
production of two hormones (thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3)- the presence of thyroid
stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland is required to trigger the secretion of these
hormones
- Parathyroid gland: four small structures usually located at the back of the thyroid gland. The
glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) which helps to regulate calcium, phosphorus and
magnesium levels in the blood and bones
- Adrenal gland: located above each kidney, each gland is divided into an outer cortex (zona
glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis) and medulla of the adrenal gland. Each zone
produces different hormones (see below)
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Adrenal medulla
Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Androgens e.g. Catecholamines
e.g. aldosterone e.g. cortisol dehydroepiandrosterone e.g. adrenaline,
(DHEA) & testosterone noradrenaline &
dopamine
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