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Clear, in depth and detailed revision notes for A level history - Tudors
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Elizabeth’s rise to powerWho was Elizabeth
Protestant
Would not tolerate a Church independent from the State
Conservative in matters of church ceremony and decorations
Tolerant towards Catholic behaviour
Elizabeth’s early life
Disappointment = not a son
Father died in 1547 = lived separately in a stable environment, where she developed
her religious belief – moderate Protestant
She was legitimised when she was named third line of succession in the Succession
Act of 1544
Emotionally, she was always cautious with men = possibly explains why she never
married
Mary I accession posed problems = a group of gentry plotted to overthrow Mary and
replace her with Elizabeth = Wyatt’s rebellion quickly ended and rebels were
executed
Elizabeth was arrested and taken to the Tower of London for 2 months then put
under house arrest for the remained of Mary’s reign
Character and Aims
Inherited traits from her father = quick temper, charm people
Inherited traits from her grandfather’s miserliness in her reluctance to spend money
Brought up with all the training expected of a princess = cultured in the arts, music,
literature and languages
Valued her appearance= symbolised her importance and status
Reports by ambassadors about her description may have been written for specific
purposes
Consolidation of power
Mary had recognised Elizabeth as her successor and husband Philip of Spain had
signified his recognition of her right of succession, alongside Henry VIII’s lawful
succession plan
Her path to power was eased by the acceptance of her succession by Mary’s key
councillors = 17th November, Nicholas Heath, Mary’s Lord Chancellor and Archbishop
of York proclaimed Elizabeth’s succession = showed that the political elite of the
nation collectively assented to Elizabeth’s accession = nine of Mary’s councils
claimed their loyalty to her
Elizabeth was proceeded quickly, within two months to her coronation. The chosen
date was 15th January = astrological advice
The religious settlement
,The Elizabethan religious settlement
Divided England in terms of religion
Wants foreign support
People wanted stability
Could cause rebellions
Elizabeth is not radical
The Act of Supremacy 1559
Restored in law the royal supremacy in the Church
The papal supremacy, which had been restored by statue law under Queen Mary
was rejected
The reformation legislation of Henry VIII’s reign was restored
The heresy law revived under Mary was repealed
The powers of royal visitation of the Church were revived
The act described the queen as ‘supreme governor’ rather than ‘supreme head’ =
reflection of misogynistic attitudes
An oath of supremacy was to be taken by clergymen and church officials; there were
penalties for refusing to do so
The act therefore restored the legal position of the crown in relation to the church
which had been first established in the reign of Henry VIII
It gave legislative authority for the crown to act in matters relating to the church
The Act of Uniformity 1559
Specified the use of a single Book of Common Prayer, which was a modified version
of the second and strongly Protestant book that Cranmer introduced in 1552
Two modifications = variations in Eucharistic beliefs were possible in that both the
1549 wording which even the conservative Bishop Gardiner felt able to accept at the
time, and the 1552 wording derived from the beliefs of the Swiss reformer Zwingli
were permitted
The ‘Black Rubric’ which had been included in the 1552 prayer book to explain away
the practice of kneeling at the admiration of the Eucharist, was omitted
The act also specified that ‘such ornaments of the church and of the ministers
thereof’ should be those that were in place during the second year of the reign of
Edward VI, in other words before the Act of Uniformity of 1549 = subsequently this
would become an issue of contention
Returning protestant exiles simply assumed that this dating was an error and did not
expect the clause to be enforced
This would cause problems became many Calvinist clergy sae the ‘ornaments’ as
‘Popish’ and therefore objected strongly to them
The Royal injunctions 1559
, The first injunction made clear their Protestant character = it emphasised ‘the
suppression of superstition’ = these injunctions emphasised that the Eucharist be
administered at a simple Communion table rather than an altar = the called for the
removal from the churches of ‘things superstitious’
Such traditional Catholic practices as pilgrimages and the use of candles were
described as ‘works devised by man’s fantasies’
The injunctions were drafted in a way which intended they there were to be an
attack on Catholic practices
Also, parish churches were required to purchase an English Bible and a copy of
Erasmus’s Paraphrases
Injunctions reflect some of Elizabeth’s personal views = eg her disproval of clerical
marriage was signalled by the fact that prospective wives of clergy had to produce a
certificate signed by two justices of peace doing their fitness for such a role
Historians
Neale = Elizabeth was forced by radical puritans within government to accept a more
protestant settlement than she really wanted
Hudson = a protestant settlement was always desired but Elizabeth and her
government had to retain specific features to appease lords
Elizabeth’s central government
Burghley
Origin - 1520 born
Education - Cambridge university
1572 made Lord Treasurer
Downfall - 1598 died
Hatton
Origin - 1540 born
Education - Oxford university
Offices - 1587 promoted to Lord Chancellor = then Chancellor of Oxford University
Downfall - 1591 died
Raleigh
Origin - 1552 born
Education - Local education
Offices - 1588 named Virginia in Elizabeth’s honour and introduced potatoes and
tobacco to court
Downfall - 1595 Sent to the tower for getting Elizabeth Throckmorton, Queen’s maid
of honour pregnant
Leicester
, Origin - 5th son of the late Duke of Northumberland and released from the Tower
after being imprisoned for his part in the conspiracy to put LJG on the throne
In 1578 secretly married the Countess of Essex and 1585 he was appointed
Lieutenant-General of the army in the Netherlands
downfall - 1588 died
Essex
Offices - 1593 became a Privy Councillor, 1597 defeated Spanish navy at Cadiz
1599 disobeyed orders attacking Munster = he negotiated a true with Tyrone and
then returned to London and walked into the Queen’s chamber = house arrest
Downfall - 1601 = uprising to capture Elizabeth to restore himself and his followers
to their rightful offices = arrested and executed
Walsingham
Origin - 1532 born
Education - Educated at Cambridge
1575 = Secretary of State
Downfall - His bluntness and extreme religious convictions caused friction with
Elizabeth, but she respected him and made him Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
1590 Died
Robert Cecil
Origins - 1563 born
Education - St John’s college, Cambridge
1599 appointed Mater of the Court of Wards and given the right to receive duties on
imported materials such as satins
Died -1612
The court
Centre of government and source of all political power
It displayed the power and magnificence of the monarch to impress foreign
observers and reinforce obedience at home
Daily attendance upon the monarch
Nobility
Considerable influence in local and central government
The Percy family in Northumberland and the Earls of Derby, Shrewsbury and
Cumberland
Elizabeth could not ignore such powerful men
Her policy was to use the power of these men at a local level by appointing them to
the post of Lord Lieutenant in their counties
At court nobles became involved in political debate, while direct access to Elizabeth
gave them opportunity to push for personal advancement
Elizabeth used her powers of patronage to ensure for herself not the support of a
group of Factions but the support if the entire noble class
Royal household
Access to the Queen’s suites was the key to power and status
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