Test 2 study guide ( BIO 101 Prof.Goolsby) Certification Review Exam Questions And Answers Verified Solutions.

What is the simplest living structure? - correct answer The cell Are viruses considered cells? - correct answer No, viruses are not cells; they lack cell structures and cannot reproduce independently Cytology - correct answer Study of structure and function of cells Biochemistry - correct answer The study of the chemical processes and substances within living organisms Robert Hooke's contribution to cell biology - correct answer Was the first to identify and name "cells" by observing cork cells under a microscope What are the three main types of microscopes? - correct answer Light microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). What is magnification? - correct answer The degree to which an image of an object is enlarged What is resolution? - correct answer Resolution is the ability of a microscope to distinguish two close objects as separate What are limitations of the light microscope? - correct answer It has lower resolution and cannot view very small cell structures in detail. What are the strengths of SEM and TEM? - correct answer SEM provides 3D surface images, and TEM allows detailed views of internal structures. Why are cells so small? - correct answer Smaller cells have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, which helps them efficiently exchange materials with their environment. What is cell fractionation? - correct answer The process where cells are broken up and the different organelles they contain are separated out. What are prokaryotic cells? - correct answer Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles but they do have a cell wall. (Ex: bacteria) aka dead What are eukaryotic cells? - correct answer Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. (aka alive) What are some structures found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells? - correct answer Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. Where is the nucleoid found, and what is its function? - correct answer In prokaryotic cells, it contains the cell's DNA What are the three types of cytoskeleton fibers? - correct answer Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. (MIM) What are integrins? - correct answer Membrane proteins that connect the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. What are desmosomes? - correct answer Junctions that anchor cells together in strong sheets. What are gap junctions? - correct answer Channels that allow direct communication between neighboring cells. What are tight junctions? - correct answer Connections that seal cells together to prevent leakage of extracellular fluid. What is cellular respiration? Kreb cycle - correct answer A process by which cells produce energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose and other molecules with oxygen. A series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix To produce high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH₂) What is anabolism? - correct answer The process of building complex molecules from simpler ones requiring energy. What is catabolism? - correct answer The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy. Define autotrophs and heterotrophs. - correct answer Autotrophs ("producers") create their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis Heterotrophs ("consumers") obtain energy by consuming other organisms. What are reduction and oxidation reactions - correct answer Reduction is the gain of electrons, while oxidation is the loss of electrons. Together, they're known as "redox" reactions. What is fermentation? - correct answer An anaerobic process that allows cells to produce energy without oxygen, resulting in lactic acid or ethanol as byproducts How is fermentation similar to and different from respiration? - correct answer Both produce ATP, but fermentation doesn't use oxygen and yields less ATP than aerobic respiration. Fermentation occurs in human muscles during intense exercise. What is ATP, and what does it do? - correct answer ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for cellular processes What is ADP? - correct answer ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is the molecule that results when ATP loses one phosphate group, releasing energy. What are NADH and NAD? - correct answer NADH is an electron carrier that stores energy during cellular respiration; NAD is its oxidized form What are FADH2 and FAD? - correct answer FADH2 is an electron carrier produced in the Kreb's cycle; FAD is its oxidized form. What is anaerobic respiration? - correct answer Respiration that occurs without oxygen, using molecules other than oxygen as electron acceptors. What is aerobic respiration? - correct answer Respiration that uses oxygen to fully break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water, producing a high yield of ATP. What is the equation for aerobic respiration? - correct answer glucose + oxygen -- carbon dioxide + water + energy C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP What happens in glycolysis? - correct answer In the cytoplasm, glucose is split into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing 2 NADH and a net gain of 2 ATP. What is the intermediate step in respiration? - correct answer Pyruvate crosses into the mitochondria, where it's converted into acetyl CoA, producing NADH and releasing CO2. What happens in the Kreb's Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)? - correct answer In the mitochondrial matrix, each acetyl CoA enters the cycle, yielding 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2. What is the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)? - correct answer In the inner mitochondrial membrane, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred through proteins, producing ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. How do proteins enter cellular respiration? - correct answer Proteins are broken down into amino acids, which are converted into intermediates that enter glycolysis o