Unit 2G.1 - The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911-46
Institution
PEARSON (PEARSON)
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History for Edexcel A Level: Nationalism, dictatorship and democracy in twentieth-century Europe
Revision summary of the topic of the fascist state that is in the topic of Italy in A Level Edexcel History. They are condensed revision notes so only containing the information that you need to know making them perfect to look at the night before an exam or just to see where your gaps in knowledge...
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PEARSON (PEARSON)
History 2015
Unit 2G.1 - The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911-46
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Fascist state
Education and youth
- 3rd April 1926 = Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) created by formal decree
- boys = to produce young fascist soldiers – sons of she wolf, balilla and avanguardisti
- girls = to increase fitness – daughters of she wolf, little Italians and young Italian women
- education compulsory 6 to 11 – membership not compulsory beyond 11 until 1939, without membership lack of jobs
- university = culture and debate
- every day at school started with fascist slogans
- motivation didn’t come from fascism - enjoyment of being outdoors, playing sport instead of being in a classroom
- by 1937 = 7 million members
Leisure for workers
- Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND) – provided social and supporting opportunity
- each OND section had a clubhouse and recreation ground
- holidays and excursions for virtually no cost
- 1939 = 4 million members – never used to indoctrinate 4 million Italians
- 80% of state and private sector and 40% of all Italy’s industrial workers were members
Propaganda, cult of il Duce and culture
- no specific ministry to organise propaganda until formation of ministry of press in 1935
- 30 million pictures of il Duce in around 2500 different poses were circulated throughout Italy
- goal was to transform the Italians into a more militaristic culture but instead focused on worship of 1 leader
- National Institute of Fascist Culture 1926 – organised cultural events, free concerts
- 1932 = Exhibition of Fascist culture – 4 million visited
Press censorship
- end of 1926 = decrees restricting the freedom of press were formalised into official laws, sanctioned by parliament
- told not to publish articles on crime, suicides or traffic accidents
- fascist newspapers only accounted for 10% of the entire newspaper sales in Italy
Repression and terror
- Nov 1926 = banned political parties, death penalty, special tribunals could send political dissidents into exile
- secret police OVRA 1927 spied with 1500 informers operating in Italy – successful in stopping anti-fascist activities
- regime carried out 9 death sentences before WW2
- Bocchini held files on 130,000 Italians
Anti-Semitism
- 1937 = Jews 1% of population
- 1938 = anti-Jewish legislation – banned from marrying pure Italians, holding public office jobs, owning 50+ hectares of
land, running business with 100 employees
- harsher policy helps build a more militaristic, radicalised society – united by hatred of internal and external enemies,
mirrors Germany’s totalitarian state
- same time as reform of customs – forced all civil servants to wear uniforms and army/milita to adopt goose step,
couldn’t shake hands
Relationship with monarchy and conservative elites
- Dec 1928 FGC had been granted the constitutional right to limit the King’s power
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