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Summary Superpowers case studies

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Course
Unit 4 - Human Systems and Geopolitics

Institution
PEARSON (PEARSON)

Book
Edexcel A level Geography Book 2 Third Edition

Revision resource covering all the case studies in the topic of superpowers. Each case study has key facts and information making them easy to learn from in my experience.

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Uploaded on June 30, 2020
Number of pages 8
Written in 2019/2020
Type Summary

geography
case studies
superpowers

Book Title:Edexcel A level Geography Book 2 Third Edition

Author(s):David Holmes, Cameron Dunn

Edition:mei 2017
ISBN:9781471856051
Edition:Unknown

Study Level
A/AS Level
Examinator
PEARSON (PEARSON)
Subject
Geography 2016
Unit
Unit 4 - Human Systems and Geopolitics

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Superpowers – Case Studies Summary

What are superpowers
USA
- 800 military bases globally and expenditure of $508 billion annually
- 320 million residents
- culture: 71% of Americans own a smartphone
Soft power
- Marshall plan: gave $12 billion to help rebuild Western economies to stop them falling to communism in 1948
Hard power
- Germany after Great War and their drive towards war – Rhineland 1936, Sudetenland 1938, Poland 1939

Changing patterns and polarity
British Empire
- in 1920 controlled 24% of the world’s land across all continents
- 22 million emigrants between 1815-1914
- UK conquered land in the Americans, Africa, Asia and built empires that directly controlled territories
British Empire – India
- 1,200 Indian civil servants could not rule 350 million Indians without the assistance of indigenous collaborators
- construction of 61,000km of railways by 1920
- British military personnel, CS emigrated to India to run the Raj
Changing world 1919 to 1939
- US accounts for 37% of global military spending – US became economically and military stronger
- 80% of all financial transactions worldwide are conducted in dollars
- Germany ride to war – 1936: conscription to army (broke terms of Versailles) and invaded the Rhineland

Post-colonial era
US
- Marshall Plan – total aid granted: US$35 billion
- democracy with free elections every 4 years
- economic base – rapid industrialisation, transcontinental rail links and exploitation
USSR
- Russian revolution of 1917 created a massive new federal state: USSR or Soviet Union – by 1941: USSR overtaken UK
as world’s 2nd largest economy
- culture focused on ballet, classical music and art
- single party with no free elections – dictatorship

Emerging powers
EU
- Brexit – UK holds 17% of total GDP, caused a weak economy,
- US and EU account for 46% of the global GDP produced
G20
- accounts for 85% of world trade, 85% of GDP and 65% of population
China
- predicted to be number 1 superpower by 2050 and overtake US as a regional power in Asia by 2030
- aging population – by 2050 330 million Chinese will be over 65 years
- world’s largest population and soon to be world’s largest economy – economic growth 10% each year
- invests in Africa in terms of mineral resources – Kenya’s $4 billion railway – neo-colonial vs developmental relationship

, - 400 million Chinese interact with one another using local social media sites – govt censors internet
- US warheads: 7,200 and China: 260
- financial system lacks credibility: underdeveloped and subject to govt meddling – for example: UBER failed in China
after govt preferences for state owned enterprises gave Chinese rideshare company Di Di a competitive edge
- pays more than 10% of the UN’s total budget – more than any country besides the US which pays 28.5%
Brazil
- 60% are internet users
- ½ of South Africa’s population
- biodiversity includes 13% of all known species but deforestation
- culturally influential with 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics
Russia
- 35% of wealth in hands of 110 people
- difficult relations = didn’t support Ukraine’s application for membership of the EU and NATO
- nuclear power
- 71.3% of population are internet users
India
- youthful population: 50% below the age 25
- English widely spoken: 125 million speak English
- future resource shortages – 200,000 people die every year due to inadequate access to clean water
- 3rd largest emitter of CO2

Development theories
Modernisation theory
- China’s taking point was in 1995
- US at high mass consumption
- Kenya at traditional society
Dependency theory and world systems theory
- periphery = Uganda, Kenya
- semi-periphery = BRICs
- core = UK, US

Impacts of superpowers on the global economy
Free market capitalism/centrally planned economics
- examples of free market capitalism = US, Canada
- examples of centrally planned economics = China, Cuba, former USSR
IGOs
- US controls 17% of voting power at IMF
- in 2016 US controlled 16.8% of World Bank votes
Global economic system 1990 onwards
- close to 400 of the world’s largest TNCs originate from 7 countries
- global trade increased by over 85% in 2000s
- in 2006 6 of the top 10 TNCs were American and in 2015 it was 3
- Walmart that employs 2.3 million produces the same revenue as Sweden, the world’s 22 nd largest economy
SAPs
- Zambian govt spending 35x more on debt than on primary school education between 1990 and 1945
- Nigeria in 1978 borrowed $5 billion but by 2000 had paid $16 billion and owed $31 billion
SAPs in the Ivory Coast
- country located on the south coast of west Africa

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