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Samenvatting pneumologie

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Duidelijke samenvatting van het vak pneumologie binnen het blok "Problemen van longen, bloedvormende organen en nieren".

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  • March 25, 2025
  • 69
  • 2024/2025
  • Summary
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Samenvatting pneumologie
1. Symptomen en klinische tekenen .......................................................................................... 3
1.1 Symptomen: anamnese ..............................................................................................................3
1.2 Klinisch onderzoek .....................................................................................................................5

2. Technische onderzoeken ...................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Longfunctie ................................................................................................................................7
2.2 Beeldvorming ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Huidtesten ............................................................................................................................... 10
2.4 Labo onderzoek: bloed, sputum ................................................................................................ 10
2.5 Pleurapunctie, pleurabiopsie, pleuroscopie ............................................................................... 11
2.6 Bronchoscopie ......................................................................................................................... 11

3. Astma .................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Definitie ................................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Pathologie en oorzaken ............................................................................................................. 12
3.3 Diagnose ................................................................................................................................. 13
3.4 Behandeling ............................................................................................................................. 14

4. COPD ..................................................................................................................................18
4.1 Definitie ................................................................................................................................... 18
4.2 Risicofactoren .......................................................................................................................... 18
4.3 Pathogenese ............................................................................................................................ 18
4.4 Pathofysiologie ......................................................................................................................... 19
4.5 Kliniek...................................................................................................................................... 20
4.6 Diagnose ................................................................................................................................. 20
4.7 Verwikkelingen ......................................................................................................................... 21
4.8 Prognose ................................................................................................................................. 22
4.9 Behandeling ............................................................................................................................. 22

5.Interstitiële longaandoeningen ..................................................................................................26
5.1Definitie .................................................................................................................................... 26
5.2 Kliniek...................................................................................................................................... 26
5.3 Pathogenese ............................................................................................................................ 27
5.4 Oorzaken ................................................................................................................................. 27
5.5 Classificatie ............................................................................................................................. 28

6. Pulmonale vasculaire aandoeningen .........................................................................................34
6.1 Longembolie ............................................................................................................................ 34
6.2 Pulmonale hypertensie ............................................................................................................. 37



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,7. Slaapgebonden respiratoire stoornissen ...................................................................................39

8. Respiratoire insufficiëntie ........................................................................................................42
8.1 Definitie ................................................................................................................................... 42
8.2 Pathofysiologie ......................................................................................................................... 42
8.3 Klinische kenmerken ................................................................................................................ 43
8.4 Behandeling ............................................................................................................................. 44

9. Pleurale aandoeningen .............................................................................................................45
9.1 Pneumothorax ......................................................................................................................... 45
9.2 Pleuravochtuitstorting .............................................................................................................. 47
9.3 Pleuratumoren ......................................................................................................................... 49

10. Respiratoire infecties .............................................................................................................49
10.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................. 49
10.2 Griep ..................................................................................................................................... 52
10.3 COVID-19 ............................................................................................................................... 53
10.4 Community-acquired pneumonie (CAP) .................................................................................. 54
10.5 Hospital-acquired pneumonie (HAP) ....................................................................................... 59
10.6 Complicaties van pneumonie .................................................................................................. 60
10.7 Exacerbaties van chronische respiratoire aandoeningen ........................................................... 61
10.8 Opportunistische infecties ...................................................................................................... 62
10.9 Preventie van respiratoire infecties .......................................................................................... 63

11. TBC ........................................................................................................................................63
11.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................. 63
11.2 Tuberculose ........................................................................................................................... 64
11.3 Latente tuberculose infectie (LTBI) ........................................................................................... 66

12. Longkanker ............................................................................................................................69




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, 1. Symptomen en klinische tekenen
1.1 Symptomen: anamnese
ALGEMENE ANAMNESE
- Koorts; (nacht)zweten
- Eetlust; gewicht
- Moeheid
- Beroepsanamnese
- Familiale anamnese
- Blootstelling: huisdieren; asbest; hobby’s; reizen …
- Rookgewoonten: wat? hoeveel? (aantal pakjaren)
RESPIRATOIRE ANAMNESE
- Hoest
o Duur: acuut of chronisch ?
o Productief: expectoratie van sputum ?
▪ Aspect? Mucoïd, purulent, mucopurulent
▪ Hoeveelheid?
• Grote hoeveelheden sputum bij: bronchiëctasieën,
longabces, broncho-alveolair celcarcinoom
▪ Geur
▪ Bloed? Hemoptoe DD
• HEMOPTOE
o Hoesten
o Rood schuimerig
o pH neutraal
o NB Neusbloeding?
• HEMATEMESIS
o Nausea en/of braken
o Donker
o Gemengd met voedsel
o pH zuur
• Lichte – matige hemoptoe : respiratoire infecties, COPD,
bronchiëctasieën, tumor, TBC, LE, stollingst.
• Massieve hemoptoe : bronchusca,bronchiectasieën,
necrotiserende infecties (TBC, longabces)
o Uitlokkende factoren en tijdstip
▪ Houdingsgebonden hoest
▪ Nachtelijke hoest
▪ Bronchiale HyperReactiviteit (BHR)?
o Oorzaken acute hoest: luchtwegeninfectie, kinkhoest, allergische rhinitis,
exacerbatie COPD, inhalatie toxische gassen/dampen, aspiratie VV
o Oorzaken chronische hoest: roken, postnasale drip, astma, COPD, reflux,
bronchiëctasieën, bronchustumoren, linker hartdecompensatie, ACE-
inhibitoren, TBC, mediastinale tumoren



3

, o Verwikkelingen : ribfractuur, spierruptuur, bronchoconstrictie, barotrauma
(pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, subcutaan emfyseem), urine-
incontinentie, syncope

- Dyspneu
o Subjectieve gewaarwording moeilijke ademhaling of luchthonger
o Ontstaat door aantal mechanismen: stimulatie van receptoren thv longen,
skeletspieren, chemoreceptoren
o Classificatie :
▪ Graad I: normaal
▪ Graad II: pt kan op vlakke weg meestappen met iemand van dezelfde leeftijd en
hetzelfde geslacht, maar kan niet meer volgen bij beklimmen van een helling,
bestijgen van een trap
▪ Graad III: pt is niet meer in staat mee te stappen met normale persoon op een
vlakke weg. Hij moet achterblijven en op zijn eigen tempo verdergaan. Meestal
kan hij wel nog lange afstanden afleggen maar dan op zijn eigen tempo.
▪ Graad IV: pt is niet meer in staat 100 m te wandelen zonder te moeten stilstaan
wegens kortademigheid
▪ Graad V: pt is niet meer in staat een beperkt aantal stappen te wandelen
zonder kortademig te worden. Hij wordt kortademig bij geringe inspanningen, bv
wassen, aankleden.
o Oorzaken:
▪ Pulmonale oorzaken
• Verhoogde luchtwegweerstand : larynxspasmen, vreemd
lichaam, astma, COPD
• Verminderde longcompliantie : interstitiële inflammatie,
fibrose (ILD: Interstitial Lung Diseases)
• Ontsteking v/d pleura : inhibitiedyspnoe bij pleuritis
▪ Cardiale oorzaken
• Linker hartfalen met vochtophoping in interstitium long of
intra-alveolair oedeem
• Verhoogd hartdebiet (koorts, hyperthyreoidie …)
▪ Thoraxwandafwijkingen
• Verminderde thoraxwandcompliantie : pleurale patho,
kyfoscoliose, adipositas,
• Zwakte v/d AH-spieren : neuromusculaire aandoeningen
▪ Metabole stoornissen : anemie
▪ Psychoneurotische oorzaken : hyperventilatie
- Thoracale pijn
o Lokalisatie pijn ~ oorsprong:
▪ Pariëtale pleura of thoraxwand : pleurale pijn (scherp; AH
gebonden; AH inhibitie; ook pijn schouder en abdomen)
• Oorzaken pleurale pijn : pleuritis (inf./maligne), pneumonie,
longinfarct / LE, pneumothorax, abdominaal proces
(subfrenisch abces, pancreatitis)
• Oorzaken thoraxwandpijn : pibpatho, inflam intercostale
spier/ zenuw, syndroom van Tietze



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