exam 1 FAD 3220 |219 Complete Q’s and A’s
lifespan development - -the field of study that examines patterns of growth,
change and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span; it
involves ways in which we stay the same, as well as ways we grow and
change over time; topical areas: physical, cognitive, personality + social
development
- physical development - -involves the bodies physical makeup: brain,
nervous system, muscles, senses
- cognitive development - -involves intellectual capacities that influence a
person's behavior
- personality development - -• : involves the ways that enduring
characteristics that differentiate one person from another
- social development - -• involves the way in which individuals' interactions
with others grow, change and remain stable
- cohort - -a group of people born at around the same time in the same
place ex: baby boomers (1946-1960 born after WWII), Generation X (1960-
1980) and Millennials (1980 and beyond)
- age-graded influences - -• biological and environmental influences that
are similar for individuals in particular age group (e.g., puberty, menopause).
- sociocultural influences - -• social and cultural factors present at particular
time for a particular individual, depending on such variables as ethnicity,
social class, and subcultural membership (e.g., white and affluent versus
minority group and impoverished).
- Non-normative life events - -: atypical events that occur in a particular
person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most people (e.g.,
child whose parents die in auto accident at six).
- Continuous change - -gradual development in which achievements at one
level build on those of previous levels; it is quantitative
- discontinuous change - -• development that occurs in distinct steps or
stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be
qualitatively diff from behavior at previous stages
- critical period - -a specific time during development when a particular
event has it greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of
,environmental stimuli are necessary for development to proceed normally
ex: learning language after 3 yrs (can't do it)
- sensitive period - -a point in development when organisms are particularly
susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments but the absence
of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences ex:
learning a language later in life (it's possible just more difficult)
- Psychodynamic perspective - -• the approach that states behavior is
motivated by inner forces, memories, conflicts that are generally beyond
people's awareness and control
- Behavioral perspective - -• the approach that suggests that the keys to
understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in
the environment
- cognitive perspective - -• the approach that focuses on the processes that
allow people to know, understand, and think about the world
- Psychoanalytic theory - -• the theory proposed by Freud that suggests
that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior, person is
unaware, has primitive drives such as hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational
impulses
- Psychosocial theory - -• according to Erikson, development that
encompasses changes in understanding individuals have of themselves as
members of society
- psychosexual theory - -• according to Freud, a series of stages that
children pass through in which pleasure or gratification, is focused on a
particular biological function and body part
- social cognitive learning theory - -• learning by observing the behavior of
another person, called a model
- Neo-Piagetian theory - -suggests that cognitive development proceeds
quickly in certain areas and more slowly in others
- Classical conditioning - -• a type of learning in which an organization
responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normal does not bring
about that type of response
- Operant conditioning - -• a form of learning in which voluntary response is
strengthened or weakened by its association w/ positive or negative
consequences
, - Behavior modification - -• a formal technique for promoting the frequency
of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
- Information- processing approaches - -• the model that seeks to identify
the ways individuals take in, use, and store information
- Cognitive neuroscience approaches - -• the approach that examines
cognitive development thru the lens of brain processes
- Freud - -• he was a Viennese physician who created the psychodynamic
perspective, psychoanalytic theory and psychosexual development; he
believed that the personality has 3 aspects: id, ego + superego
- Piaget - -• a Swiss psychologist, created the cognitive perspective; he
proposed that all people pass thru stages of cognitive development and not
only does that quantity of info increase in each stage but the quality of
knowledge and understanding also changes
- Erikson - -• (1902-1994) created the psychosocial theory, he emphasized
our social interaction with others shapes us, he suggests that development
proceeds throughout our lives in 8 stages; he believed that growth and
change continue throughout the life span
- Watson - -• (1878-1958) an American psychologist who created the
behavioral perspective, he believes that we could gain full understanding of
development by carefully studying the stimuli that composed the
environment
- Humanistic perspective - -• the theory that contends that people have a
natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their
behavior
- Contextual perspective - -the theory that considers the relationship b/w
individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds
- Microsystem - -♣ immediate environments (family, school, peer group,
neighborhood and childcare environments)
- Mesosytem - -♣ a system compromised of connections b/w immediate
environments (child's home and school)
- Exosystem - -♣ external environmental settings which only indirectly
affect development such as parent's workplace
- Macrosystem - -♣ the larger cultural context (Eastern vs. Western culture,
national economy, political culture, subculture)
lifespan development - -the field of study that examines patterns of growth,
change and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span; it
involves ways in which we stay the same, as well as ways we grow and
change over time; topical areas: physical, cognitive, personality + social
development
- physical development - -involves the bodies physical makeup: brain,
nervous system, muscles, senses
- cognitive development - -involves intellectual capacities that influence a
person's behavior
- personality development - -• : involves the ways that enduring
characteristics that differentiate one person from another
- social development - -• involves the way in which individuals' interactions
with others grow, change and remain stable
- cohort - -a group of people born at around the same time in the same
place ex: baby boomers (1946-1960 born after WWII), Generation X (1960-
1980) and Millennials (1980 and beyond)
- age-graded influences - -• biological and environmental influences that
are similar for individuals in particular age group (e.g., puberty, menopause).
- sociocultural influences - -• social and cultural factors present at particular
time for a particular individual, depending on such variables as ethnicity,
social class, and subcultural membership (e.g., white and affluent versus
minority group and impoverished).
- Non-normative life events - -: atypical events that occur in a particular
person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most people (e.g.,
child whose parents die in auto accident at six).
- Continuous change - -gradual development in which achievements at one
level build on those of previous levels; it is quantitative
- discontinuous change - -• development that occurs in distinct steps or
stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be
qualitatively diff from behavior at previous stages
- critical period - -a specific time during development when a particular
event has it greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of
,environmental stimuli are necessary for development to proceed normally
ex: learning language after 3 yrs (can't do it)
- sensitive period - -a point in development when organisms are particularly
susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments but the absence
of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences ex:
learning a language later in life (it's possible just more difficult)
- Psychodynamic perspective - -• the approach that states behavior is
motivated by inner forces, memories, conflicts that are generally beyond
people's awareness and control
- Behavioral perspective - -• the approach that suggests that the keys to
understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in
the environment
- cognitive perspective - -• the approach that focuses on the processes that
allow people to know, understand, and think about the world
- Psychoanalytic theory - -• the theory proposed by Freud that suggests
that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior, person is
unaware, has primitive drives such as hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational
impulses
- Psychosocial theory - -• according to Erikson, development that
encompasses changes in understanding individuals have of themselves as
members of society
- psychosexual theory - -• according to Freud, a series of stages that
children pass through in which pleasure or gratification, is focused on a
particular biological function and body part
- social cognitive learning theory - -• learning by observing the behavior of
another person, called a model
- Neo-Piagetian theory - -suggests that cognitive development proceeds
quickly in certain areas and more slowly in others
- Classical conditioning - -• a type of learning in which an organization
responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normal does not bring
about that type of response
- Operant conditioning - -• a form of learning in which voluntary response is
strengthened or weakened by its association w/ positive or negative
consequences
, - Behavior modification - -• a formal technique for promoting the frequency
of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
- Information- processing approaches - -• the model that seeks to identify
the ways individuals take in, use, and store information
- Cognitive neuroscience approaches - -• the approach that examines
cognitive development thru the lens of brain processes
- Freud - -• he was a Viennese physician who created the psychodynamic
perspective, psychoanalytic theory and psychosexual development; he
believed that the personality has 3 aspects: id, ego + superego
- Piaget - -• a Swiss psychologist, created the cognitive perspective; he
proposed that all people pass thru stages of cognitive development and not
only does that quantity of info increase in each stage but the quality of
knowledge and understanding also changes
- Erikson - -• (1902-1994) created the psychosocial theory, he emphasized
our social interaction with others shapes us, he suggests that development
proceeds throughout our lives in 8 stages; he believed that growth and
change continue throughout the life span
- Watson - -• (1878-1958) an American psychologist who created the
behavioral perspective, he believes that we could gain full understanding of
development by carefully studying the stimuli that composed the
environment
- Humanistic perspective - -• the theory that contends that people have a
natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their
behavior
- Contextual perspective - -the theory that considers the relationship b/w
individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds
- Microsystem - -♣ immediate environments (family, school, peer group,
neighborhood and childcare environments)
- Mesosytem - -♣ a system compromised of connections b/w immediate
environments (child's home and school)
- Exosystem - -♣ external environmental settings which only indirectly
affect development such as parent's workplace
- Macrosystem - -♣ the larger cultural context (Eastern vs. Western culture,
national economy, political culture, subculture)
