This is a comprehensive summary of the work you will need to study for Chapter 5 - SOcial Development in the Adult Development section. These notes are neat and ordered and bullet-pointed to make studying easier. This summary will give you an in-depth understanding of this chapter. All relevant ter...
Chapter 5
Social development
Adult relationships
Intimacy
Derived from Latin – intimus = inner
Means establishing closeness with another person
Develops from self-disclosure
» Process - share your thoughts, feelings and experiences
» Must be reciprocal
o Mutual contributions
o Give and take
Express openness
Experience self-knowledge
Fear of intimacy = emotional unresponsiveness / negative self esteem
Establishing intimacy = critical development task
» Marking entry into adulthood
o Failure = hinders development/ negative implications across life span
First have to establish a personal identity
» Know themselves before they can love another
o Failure = feel threatened by long term relationships
overly dependent on partner as a source of identity
True intimacy = difficult task
» Conflict between desire for commitment & desire for independence
» Result = Genital intimacy
o Young adults form relationships based on sexual intimacy without emotional
intimacy.
Can lead to isolation
Lower levels intimacy in marriage = higher levels of loneliness
Relationship statues = degree of intimacy
» Major influence on romantic/ general loneliness
Intimacy = the fusion of two identities
» Freedom to remain an individual.
Any relationships with an emotional bond
Erikson = Intimacy versus isolation
» Resolved crisis = close give-take-relationships &with love
Love
Complex emotion that consists of many facets.
Emotional interdependence / vulnerability
Characterised = deep affection for another person
Influenced by
» Personalities of persons involved
, » Developmental stages
» Gender differences
» Cultural-historical context
Capacity to love = inherently human tendency – powerful effects on wellbeing (infancy – old
age)
Strong biological component
» Physiological responses = heart racing/ sweaty palms/ flushed cheeks/ loss of
appetite
» Various biochemical
o Dopamine – effect on genitals / sweat glands
feelings of excitement
o Testosterone – increases sexual desire
o Oxytocin – cuddle hormone / love hormone
Released when cuddling
Released when bonding socially
Maternal instinct
Orgasms
Friendship
Monogamy
Increases likelihood of aggression / violence
Robert Sternberg = Triangular theory of love
» 3 components
o Passion
Intense feelings - toward
another person
Beginning of relationship
Infatuation
Physical attraction is central
Intimacy has not yet been
established
Short lived
o Intimacy
Development of reciprocal trust/ openness / acceptance
Honest exchange of feelings
No fear of being rejected
Essential for relationship to grow/ develop
Basis of close relationships
o Commitment
Conscious decision to maintain the love relationship
Care for and support each other.
» Presence or absence =
o Liking:
Includes only intimacy
o Infatuation:
Based on Passion
Intimacy and commitment is lacking
, o Empty Love:
Based on Commitment,
Intimacy and passion is lacking
o Romantic love:
Passion and intimacy
o Fatuous love:
Passion and commitment
o Companionate love:
Intimacy and commitment
o Consummate love:
Consists of all 3 components: passion, intimacy and commitment
o Stand the test of time
o Survive all development-related changes
o Not all 3 components are equally strong
o Qualitive shifts
Whom do people fall in love with?
» Equity theory (economic theory)
o Close relationships - believe that what they are getting of the relationship is
proportional to what they are putting into it.
o Calculate the costs and benefits involved in interacting
o Criticised
Based purely on mutual exchange and is compared to a business
deal.
Ignored the feelings that people bring to their relationships
o We do not have relationships became they benefit us
o We have relationships because we love them
» Assortative mating theory:
o Mating based on similar or opposite characteristics.
Religious beliefs / physical traits / age /socio-economic status /
intelligence and political ideology
o At first - Attracted to those with similar values, attitudes and beliefs
Fundamental to how people live their lives
o Once in the relationships = personality similarities NB!!
Take longer to know
Influences marital happiness
o Regular interaction
o Extensive coordination
Personality differences = causes friction / conflict in daily life
Do all cultures value same characteristics??
» Cultural preferences
o Chasity (virginity)
Most variability
o Some highly desired
o Some does not matter
» Gender differences
o Consistent across cultures
Men = physical attractiveness
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