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Samenvatting Vastgoedrecht 1
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Dit document betreft een samenvatting van het vak Vastgoedrecht 1 gegeven in het eerste jaar vastgoed aan de AP Hogeschool door Mounia Faid en Liesbeth Egaña
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SAMENVATTING VASTGOEDRECHTInhoudsopgave
WAT IS RECHT?............................................................................................................................................... 5
DEFINITIE VAN HET RECHT ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Subjectieve rechten ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Structuren en regels inzake toepassing en afdwinging ................................................................................. 5
Regelen omtrent de politieke macht ............................................................................................................. 5
Procedureregels............................................................................................................................................. 5
KENMERKEN VAN HET RECHT ..................................................................................................................................... 5
SUBJECTIEF RECHT EN HET RECHTSSUBJECT ................................................................................................................... 6
RECHTSFEIT EN RECHTSHANDELING ............................................................................................................................. 6
VERJARING ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
DE INDELINGEN VAN HET RECHT .................................................................................................................... 7
NATIONAAL RECHT .................................................................................................................................................. 7
GRENSOVERSCHRIJDEND RECHT.................................................................................................................................. 9
DE BRONNEN VAN HET RECHT ........................................................................................................................ 9
INTERNATIONALE RECHTSBRONNEN........................................................................................................................... 10
BELGISCHE FEDERALE WETGEVING ............................................................................................................................ 10
Hiërarchie binnen de federale wetgeving.................................................................................................... 10
Publicatie van de wetgeving........................................................................................................................ 11
Interpretatie van de wetgeving ................................................................................................................... 11
GEWOONTERECHT ................................................................................................................................................. 11
RECHTSPRAAK ...................................................................................................................................................... 11
RECHTSLEER ......................................................................................................................................................... 11
ALGEMENE RECHTSBEGINSELEN................................................................................................................................ 11
RECHTSSTAAT .............................................................................................................................................. 12
DEMOCRATIE ............................................................................................................................................... 12
SCHEIDING DER MACHTEN ........................................................................................................................... 12
EENHEIDSSTAAT EN FEDERALISERING ........................................................................................................... 13
CONTROLERENDE INSTELLINGEN .................................................................................................................. 13
DE RAAD VAN STATE – RVS WET ............................................................................................................................. 13
Afdeling wetgeving...................................................................................................................................... 13
Afdeling Administratie of Bestuursrechtspraak – art 160 GW .................................................................... 13
DE RAAD VOOR VREEMDELINGENBETWISTING ............................................................................................................ 14
DE RAAD VOOR VERGUNNINGSBETWISTINGEN ............................................................................................................ 14
HET GRONDWETTELIJKE HOF ................................................................................................................................... 14
HET REKENHOF – ART 180 GW............................................................................................................................... 15
DE HOGE RAAD VOOR JUSTITIE – ART 151 §2, §3 GW EN ART 259BIS GER. W. .............................................................. 16
DE BELGISCHE GERECHTELIJKE INSTELLINGEN ............................................................................................... 16
ALGEMENE BEGINSELEN.......................................................................................................................................... 16
Eenheid van de rechtspraak ........................................................................................................................ 16
De dubbele aanleg ....................................................................................................................................... 16
Specialisatie van de rechtbanken ................................................................................................................ 17
Territoriale organisatie van de rechtbanken ............................................................................................... 17
SAMENSTELLING EN BEVOEGDHEID VAN DE RECHTBANKEN EN HOPEN OP HET NATIONALE NIVEAU.......................................... 17
Burgerlijke en handelszaken ........................................................................................................................ 17
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, Arbeidszaken ............................................................................................................................................... 18
Fiscale zaken................................................................................................................................................ 19
Strafzaken.................................................................................................................................................... 19
DE ADMINISTRATIEVE EN TUCHTRECHTELIJKE RECHTSCOLLEGES ....................................................................................... 20
ARBITRAGE .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................................. 21
EERSTE AANLEG .................................................................................................................................................... 21
Dagvaarding (art 700 Ger. W.) .................................................................................................................... 21
Inleidende zitting ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Besluiten (art 741 Ger. W.) .......................................................................................................................... 21
Pleidooien .................................................................................................................................................... 21
Vonnis .......................................................................................................................................................... 22
RECHTSMIDDELEN ................................................................................................................................................. 22
Verzet .......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Hoger beroep............................................................................................................................................... 23
Cassatie ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
Derdenverzet ............................................................................................................................................... 23
Herroeping van het gewijsde ....................................................................................................................... 23
Verhaal op de rechter (art 1140 Ger. W.) .................................................................................................... 23
Intrekking van het vonnis ............................................................................................................................ 24
ENKELE BIJZONDERE PROCEDURES............................................................................................................................. 24
Kort geding .................................................................................................................................................. 24
Summiere rechtspleging om betaling te bevelen ........................................................................................ 24
Verzoening................................................................................................................................................... 24
Bevoegdheidsbetwistingen.......................................................................................................................... 25
Tussenvordering .......................................................................................................................................... 25
Tussenkomst ................................................................................................................................................ 25
Hervatting van het geding ........................................................................................................................... 26
De uitvoering van het vonnis ....................................................................................................................... 26
Het beslag.................................................................................................................................................... 27
Collectieve schuldenregeling (art 1675/2 e.v. Ger. W.) ............................................................................... 27
Samenloop van strafvordering en burgerlijke vordering ............................................................................. 28
Bemiddeling (art 1723/1 e.v. Ger. W.)......................................................................................................... 28
ENKELE ALGEMENE PRINCIPES VAN HET PROCESRECHT .................................................................................................. 29
Het recht van verdediging ........................................................................................................................... 29
Openbaarheid van rechtspraak ................................................................................................................... 29
Voorkomen van willekeurige vorderingen en willekeurig verweer .............................................................. 29
Taak van de rechter ..................................................................................................................................... 30
GERECHTELIJKE FUNCTIE ......................................................................................................................................... 30
De rechter .................................................................................................................................................... 30
Openbaar ministerie/ parket ....................................................................................................................... 30
Griffier ......................................................................................................................................................... 31
Gerechtsdeurwaarder ................................................................................................................................. 31
Gerechtsdeskundige (art 962 e.v. Ger. W.).................................................................................................. 31
Advocaat ..................................................................................................................................................... 32
BEWIJS ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
DE BEWIJSLAST ..................................................................................................................................................... 33
BEWIJSMIDDELEN .................................................................................................................................................. 33
Algemene bewijsmiddelen........................................................................................................................... 33
Procedurele bewijsmiddelen........................................................................................................................ 35
Nieuw wetboek “Bewijs” ............................................................................................................................. 36
ALGEMENE BEGRIPPEN ................................................................................................................................ 37
SUBJECTIEF RECHT EN RECHTSSUBJECT ....................................................................................................................... 37
Politieke rechten .......................................................................................................................................... 37
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, Civiele rechten ............................................................................................................................................. 37
Rechtsfeit en rechtshandeling ..................................................................................................................... 38
GELDIGHEID EN NIETIGHEID VAN RECHTSHANDELINGEN ................................................................................................. 39
Geldigheid van rechtshandelingen (art 1108 BW)....................................................................................... 39
De nietigheid van rechtshandelingen .......................................................................................................... 41
STAAT ................................................................................................................................................................. 42
VERJARING .......................................................................................................................................................... 42
RECHTSMISBRUIK .................................................................................................................................................. 43
Definitie ....................................................................................................................................................... 43
Rechtsmisbruikcriteria ................................................................................................................................. 43
Sancties ....................................................................................................................................................... 44
PERSONEN ................................................................................................................................................... 44
NATUURLIJKE PERSONEN ........................................................................................................................................ 44
Bestaan van personen ................................................................................................................................. 44
Bekwaamheid .............................................................................................................................................. 44
GOEDEREN EN ZEKERHEDEN ......................................................................................................................... 45
INDELING VAN DE GOEDEREN ................................................................................................................................... 45
Lichamelijke en onlichamelijke goederen .................................................................................................... 45
Onroerende en roerende goederen ............................................................................................................. 46
Gebruiks- en verbruiksgoederen .................................................................................................................. 46
Vervangbare en niet-vervangbare goederen .............................................................................................. 46
ZELFSTANDIGE EN ZAKELIJKE RECHTEN ....................................................................................................................... 47
Zakelijke rechten vs. vorderingsrechten ...................................................................................................... 47
Eigendom..................................................................................................................................................... 47
Vruchtgebruik .............................................................................................................................................. 51
Recht van gebruik ........................................................................................................................................ 51
Recht van bewoning .................................................................................................................................... 51
Erfdienstbaarheden ..................................................................................................................................... 52
Recht van opstal .......................................................................................................................................... 53
Erfpacht ....................................................................................................................................................... 53
HERVORMING GOEDERENRECHT ............................................................................................................................... 53
INTELLECTUELE RECHTEN ........................................................................................................................................ 54
ZEKERHEDEN ........................................................................................................................................................ 54
Zakelijke zekerheden ................................................................................................................................... 55
Persoonlijke zekerheden .............................................................................................................................. 57
VERBINTENISSEN .......................................................................................................................................... 58
SOORTEN VERBINTENISSEN ...................................................................................................................................... 58
Voorwaardelijke verbintenissen .................................................................................................................. 58
Verbintenissen met tijdsbepaling ................................................................................................................ 58
Verbintenissen gevonden aan de persoon (intuitu personae) ..................................................................... 58
Splitsbare verbintenissen ............................................................................................................................. 58
Hoofdelijke verbintenissen .......................................................................................................................... 59
Resultaats- en middelenverbintenissen ....................................................................................................... 59
BRONNEN VAN VERBINTENISSEN .............................................................................................................................. 59
Rechtsfeiten (oneigenlijke contracten/ quasicontracten)............................................................................ 59
Eenzijdige wilsuiting .................................................................................................................................... 60
DE OVEREENKOMST ............................................................................................................................................... 60
Omschrijving ................................................................................................................................................ 60
Soorten overeenkomsten............................................................................................................................. 61
Totstandkoming van overeenkomsten ........................................................................................................ 61
Interpretatie van overeenkomsten .............................................................................................................. 62
Gevolgen van overeenkomsten ................................................................................................................... 62
Tenietgaan van overeenkomsten ................................................................................................................ 66
DE ONRECHTMATIGE DAAD ..................................................................................................................................... 66
3
, Kenmerken van de foutaansprakelijkheid ................................................................................................... 66
Aansprakelijkheid voor eigen fout ............................................................................................................... 67
Aansprakelijkheid voor andermans fout ..................................................................................................... 68
Aansprakelijkheid voor zaken ...................................................................................................................... 68
TENIETGAAN VAN VERBINTENISSEN ........................................................................................................................... 69
Betaling met subrogatie .............................................................................................................................. 69
Schuldvergelijking........................................................................................................................................ 69
Verjaring ...................................................................................................................................................... 69
Schuldvernieuwing ...................................................................................................................................... 69
Overdracht van verbintenissen .................................................................................................................... 69
BIJZONDERE OVEREENKOMSTEN/ BENOEMDE OVEREENKOMSTEN ................................................................................... 70
Koop - Art 1582 - 1701 BW .......................................................................................................................... 70
Huur – art 1708 - 1831 BW.......................................................................................................................... 72
Bewaargeving.............................................................................................................................................. 75
Dading ......................................................................................................................................................... 75
Aanneming .................................................................................................................................................. 76
Lastgeving ................................................................................................................................................... 76
FAMILIE EN GEZIN ........................................................................................................................................ 77
HUWELIJK ............................................................................................................................................................ 77
Juridisch karakter van het huwelijk ............................................................................................................. 77
Vereisten om te huwen................................................................................................................................ 77
Gevolgen van het huwelijk .......................................................................................................................... 78
Ontbinding van het huwelijk ....................................................................................................................... 80
HET GEZINSVERMOGEN .......................................................................................................................................... 81
Algemene regelen........................................................................................................................................ 81
Het wettelijk stelsel ..................................................................................................................................... 82
Andere stelsels............................................................................................................................................. 84
ONGEHUWD SAMENWONEN ................................................................................................................................... 84
Algemeen .................................................................................................................................................... 84
Juridische verhouding tussen samenwonenden .......................................................................................... 84
Beëindiging van het samenwonen .............................................................................................................. 85
Samenlevingscontracten en ‘wettelijke samenwoningscontracten’............................................................ 85
OUDERS, KINDEREN EN FAMILIE ............................................................................................................................... 85
Afstamming ................................................................................................................................................. 85
Ouderlijke plichten en ouderlijk gezag ........................................................................................................ 87
Familiale solidariteit .................................................................................................................................... 87
ERVEN .......................................................................................................................................................... 87
WETTELIJK ERFRECHT ............................................................................................................................................. 87
Basisregels: orde volgens bloedverwantschap (art 713 BW) ...................................................................... 87
Basisregels: graad (art 737 BW) .................................................................................................................. 88
Basisregels: plaatsvervulling (art 739-744 BW)........................................................................................... 88
Basisregels: kloving (art 733, art 746 en 753-754 BW) ............................................................................... 88
Basisregels: erven kan tot in de vierde graad.............................................................................................. 89
Basisregels: erven gebeurt voor gelijke delen en bij hoofd ......................................................................... 89
Specifieke regel: tweede orde (bijzondere toewijzing) – (art 748 en 751 BW) ............................................ 89
LANGSTLEVENDE ECHTGENOOT/PARTNER ................................................................................................................... 89
Langstlevende echtgenoot .......................................................................................................................... 89
Langstlevende wettelijk samenwonende partner (art 745 octies §1 BW) ................................................... 91
Langstlevende feitelijk samenwonende....................................................................................................... 91
ERFRECHT VAN HET ADOPTIEKIND ............................................................................................................................. 91
KAN JE EEN ERFENIS WEIGEREN? (ART 744 BW) ......................................................................................................... 91
RESERVE EN BESCHIKBAAR DEEL ............................................................................................................................... 91
TESTAMENT (ART 895 BW) .................................................................................................................................... 92
SCHENKING (ART 894 BW) .................................................................................................................................... 93
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