Pathopharm Exam 3 | Answered with complete solutions

Pathopharm Exam 3 | Answered with complete solutions arrange the steps required to stimulate antibody-mediated immunity in the sequence they occur 1. invasion of new antigens in the body 2. interaction of the macrophage and helper T cells to recognize the antigen 3. production of antibodies by B lymphocytes 4. sensitization of B lymphocyte to the new antigen alization or elimination of the antigen 6. binding of antibodies to the antigen and formation of immune complex 1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 5 Place in order the steps the nurse would follow when developing a protocol in the electronic health record for clients with indwelling urinary catheters to decrease the risk of UTI. 1. meets with the nursing staff 2. evaluates and determines data 3. selects an assessment tool 4. interviews the nursing staff 5. designs the assessment screens 6. selects a standardized language 7. adds a decision support rule 1, 3, 4, 5, 2, 6, 7 which client would the nurse suspect as having a type IV hypersensitive reaction when providing care for four clients with hypersensitivity reactions? Client A- antibody involved: lgE skin test results: wheal and flare Client B- antibody involved: lgM skin test result: none Client C- antibody involved: lgG skin test result: erythema and edema after four hours Client D- antibody involved: none skin test result: erythema and edema after 24 hours after a client experiences a cardiac arrest, the client is transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU). which nursing intervention is the major attribute that affects the quality of care provided to the client? Select all that apply a. develop a diet plan according to the clients food preference b. coordinate with the members of the ICU while transferring the client c. provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation before transferring the client d. encourage the clients family members to visit the client frequently e. administer digoxin to the client according to the prescription which infection would the nurse monitor for in the toddler based on structural characteristics at this age? Select all that apply a. bronchiolitis b. ear infection c. acute sinusitis d. laryngotracheobronchitis e. inflammation of the tonsils which information will the nurse consider when planning care for a client with human immunodeficiency virus who has been diagnosed with class 3 tuberculosis? Select all that apply a. class 3 tuberculosis is clinically active disease, which is contagious b. tuberculosis is the leading cause of mortality in clients infected with HIV c. HIV-positive clients are more likely to have multidrug resistant tuberculosis d. individuals with HIV usually have high fevers with active tuberculosis infection e. persons with active tuberculosis are usually treated on an outpatient basis which intervention would the nurse anticipate incorporating into the plan of care for a client with bursitis of the left knee? Select all that apply a. rest of the affected joint b. apply a heat pack c. use a compression splint d. do gentle range-of- motion exercises e. take non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as needed for pain which nursing intervention is the priority when a client receiving chemotherapy develops a temperature of 102.2 F when the temperature 6 hours ago was 99.2? a. assess the amount and color of urine; obtain a specimen for a urinalysis and culture b. administer the prescribed antipyretic and notify the primary health care provider of this change c. note the consistency of respiratory secretions and obtain a specimen for culture and sensitivity d. obtain the respirations, pulse, and blood pressure when rechecking the temperature in 1 hour the nurse is teaching an unlicensed assistant personnel about ways to prevent the spread of infection. the nurse decides to emphasize the need to break the cycle of infection. which teaching would be priority? a. hand washing before and after providing client care b. cleaning all equipment with an approved disinfectant after use c. wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) when providing client care d. using medical and surgical aseptic techniques at all times the nurse is interviewing a client who was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). which clinical findings to this disease would the nurse expect the client to exhibit? Select all that apply a. butterfly facial rash b. firm skin fixed to tissue c. inflammation of the joints d. muscle mass degeneration e. Inflammation of small arteries which tasks should the nurse perform to comply with public health laws? Select all that apply a. report cases of communicable diseases b. report incidents of domestic violence c. provide emergency assistance at an accident scene d. notify the primary health care provider of any client-related problems e. ensure that clients in a community have received necessary immunizations which nursing intervention would prevent septic shock in the hospitalized client? a. maintain the client in a normothermic state b. administer blood products to replace fluid losses c. use aseptic technique during all invasive procedures d. keep the critically ill client immobilized to reduce metabolic demands the nurse would include which instruction to the parents of a child being treated with oral ampicillin for otitis media? a. complete the entire course of antibiotic therapy b. herbal fever remedies are highly discouraged c. administer the medication with meals d. stop the antibiotic therapy when the child no longer has a fever which assessment findings would the nurse identify in a client with clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis? Select all that apply a. obesity and asymmetric joint disease b. development of antinuclear antibodies c. inflammatory disease pattern d. bilateral involvement of metacarpophalangeal joints e. disease process involving the distal interphalangeal joints f. disease in the weight-bearing joints and hands the nurse is collecting case reports that can be analyzed using the failure mode effective analysis (FMEA) tool. which case files would the nurse collect? Select all that apply a. a coma due to severe hemolytic transfusion reaction b. depression committed suicide by falling off the terrace of the hospital c. retained foreign body left during surgery that was removed immediately d. wheelchair-bound client rescued from falling in the corridor of the hospital e. urinary tract infection after 4 days of continuous catheterization a client with a history of cardiac dysrhythmias is admitted to the hospital due to a fluid volume deficit caused by a pulmonary infection. The registered nurse assesses the recorded vital signs. which vital sign assessment requires reassessment? a. respiratory rate of 14 breaths/minute b. blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg c. oxygen saturation of 95% d. temporal temperature of 99.3 e. radial pulse rate of 72 and irregular arrange the pathophysiological events of acne in the correct sequence. a. excessive sebum production b. alterations in follicular growth and differentiation c. colonization of propionibacterium acnes d. immune response and inflammation which recommendation would the nurse make to the family of a child with juvenile idiopathic arthritis who has difficulty getting ready for school in the morning due to joint pain and stiffness? a. administer acetaminophen before bedtime b. ice the joints that are painful in the evening c. encourage a program of active exercise after awakening d. provide warm, moist heat to the affected joints before arising which factor explains why a client who experiences an acute episode of rheumatoid arthritis has swollen finger joints? a. urate crystals in the synovial tissue b. inflammation in the joints synovial lining c. formation of bony spurs on the joint surfaces d. deterioration and loss of articular cartilage joints which complication would the nurse monitor for in a client on strict bed rest for 3 days? Select all that apply a. atelectasis b. hypotension c. constipation d. pressure injuries e. urinary tract infection the client is on neutropenic precautions. from which direction does the protective environment isolation help prevent the spread of infection? a. to the client from outside sources b. from the client to others c. from the client by using special techniques to destroy infectious fluids and secretions d. to the client by using special sterilization techniques for lines and personal items the nurse is changing the dressing of a postoperative client. another client has fallen near the nursing station and is unconscious. which is the priority nursing action in this situation? a. attend to the client who lost consciousness b. delegate the dressing change to the nursing assistant c. delegate the care of the unconscious client to the nursing assistant d. complete the dressing, because the open wound may increase infection risk the nurse instructs a client who avoids bathing to take a bath or shower each day as a means of maintaining hygiene and preventing infection. which of these reactions would the nurse expect if the client is in the action stage? Select all that apply a. "I only take a bath once a week, but I don't see any infections on my skin" b. "I try to take a shower every day, but I skip it sometimes because of my tight work schedule" c. " I understand that bathing regularly is a good habit, but my bathroom is very cold in the mornings" d. "please tell me how to get into the habit of taking a bath daily so that I can keep myself clean and healthy." e. "I want to take a bath regularly, but I don't have time because I need to look after my kids and my parents" arrange the steps involved in skin testing for an allergen causing a type 1 allergic reaction in their correct sequence. a. apply topical steroid on the skin b. observe for a wheal formation on the skin c. use a skin testing needle to scratch the surface of the skin d. place drops of sera containing the known allergen on skin e. clean the inner side of the forearm with soap and water f. discontinue corticosteroid medications f, e, d, c, b, a which client condition is an example of a cell-mediated immunity? Select all that apply a. tuberculosis (TB) b. graft rejection c. allergic rhinitis d. contact dermatitis e. anaphylactic shock which meal is most appropriate for a client. with a large pressure injury? a. hamburger with French fries b. turkey meatloaf with brown rice c. pasta and tomato sauce with a side salad d. grilled chicken, steamed spinach, and a side of orange slices a client arrives at a health clinic reports " i am here to have my tuberculin skin test read." the nurse notes a 7-mm indurated area at the injection site. which nurses statement describes this result? a. "the result indicates that you have active tuberculosis" b. "the result indicates you are infected with the tuberculosis organism" c. "the result indicates there are no tuberculin antibodies in your system" d. "the result indicates you have a secondary infection related to the tuberculin organism" the parent of a newborn asks the nurse why, except for hepatitis B vaccine, the immunization schedule does not start until the infant is 2 months old. which response would the nurse provide? a. " a newborn's spleen can't produce efficient antibodies" b. "infants younger than 2 months are rarely exposed to infectious disease" c. "the immunization will attack the infants immature immune system and cause the disease" d. "maternal antibodies interfere with the development of active antibodies by the infant when immunized" the nurse is caring for a client who had an above-the-knee amputation 1 week ago. which action would the nurse take to control edema of the residual limb? a. administer a diuretic as needed b. restrict the clients oral fluid intake c. rewrap the elastic bandage as necessary d. keep the residual limb elevated on a pillow the nurse is preparing discharge instructions for a client who acquired a nosocomial clostridium difficile infection. which would the nurse include in the instructions? a. anticipate that nausea and vomiting will continue until the infection is no longer present b. the infection causes diarrhea accompanied by flatus and abdominal discomfort c. consume a diet that is high in fiber and low in fat d. other than routine hand washing, it is not necessary to perform special disinfection procedures the nurse creates a plan of care for a client with a risk of infection. which is the desirable expected outcome for the client? a. all nursing functions will be completed by discharge b. all invasive intravenous lines will remain patent c. the client will remain awake, alert, and oriented at all times d. the client will be free of signs and symptoms of infection by discharge which education would the nurse provide the parent of a 2-month-old infant about home care in the event of an immunization reaction? a. give aspirin for pain; if swelling at the injection site develops, call the health care provider b. apply heat to the injection site for the first day after the injection; apply ice if the arm is inflamed c. give acetaminophen for fever; call the health provider if the child exhibits marked drowsiness or seizures d. apply ice to the injection site if soreness develops; call the health care provider if the child comes down with a fever after instructing an older client's adult child about age-related immune system changes and associated care measures, which statement indicates a need for further instruction? a. "my parent has a private room at home" b. "my parent has received the pneumococcal vaccination recently" c. "my parent comes in for checkups only when experiencing a fever" d. "my parent has been given a second dose of the pertussis vaccination." identify the clinical manifestation associated with the release of histamine during a type 1 rapid hypersensitivity reaction. Select all that apply a. pruritus b. erythema c. fibrotic changes d. nasal mucus secretion e. conjunctival mucus secretion f. hematuria an adolescent is taken to the emergency department of the local hospital after stepping on a nail. the nurse asks if the client has had a tetanus immunization. the adolescent responds that all immunizations are up to date. a few days later, the client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of tetanus. which statement described the nurses responsibility in this situation? a. the nurses judgement was adequate, and the client was treated accordingly b. the possibility of tetanus was not for-seen because the client was immunized c. nurses would routinely administer immunization against tetanus after such an injury d. assessment by the nurse was incomplete and, as a result, the treatment was insufficient the nurse is caring for a client with chronic inflammation of the bowel. for which most serious complication would the nurse monitor in this client? a. ileus b. pain c. perforation d. obstruction which action would the nurse instruct an older client to implement to ensure antibody-mediated immunity? Select all that apply a. obtain a shingles vaccination b. receive a tetanus booster injection c. obtain the pneumococcal vaccination d. receive annual testing for tuberculosis e. receive an annual influenza vaccination f. avoid obtaining the pertussis vaccination which response would the nurse provide during an education session at the local community center to question asking why influenza vaccines are needed annually? a. "the influenza virus has a high level of infectivity, thus requiring an annual booster to keep rates of influenza low" b. "because influenza is seasonal and has never been eradicated, the need for a vaccine is also seasonal annually" c. "the nature of the virus changes every year; the vaccine is developed based on the most prevalent type and variant being seen" d. " there are several types of influenza viruses with differing levels of virulence, making it difficult to develop a vaccine that will be effective against all types of influenza" which findings noted during assessment would lead the nurse to determine that a client is at an increased risk for infection? Select all that apply a. surgical incision b. urinary catheter c. antibiotic therapy d. intravenous access e. diminished appetite which instruction indicates a lack of understanding of a nurse teaching a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- positive client about strategies to prevent opportunistic infections? a. 'reuse cups after washing them with soapy water' b. 'rinse your toothbrush in liquid laundry bleach every week' c. 'wash your armpits, groin, and genitals with antimicrobial soap twice a day' d.' purchase organic, unpasteurized apple cider for your vitamin c requirements' the nurse is caring for a client post-surgery takes necessary steps to achieve quality client care. which nursing action satisfies the quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN) competency called informatics? Select all that apply a. washing the hands before hands before handling the clients incision site b. implementing a new method of monitoring the clients incision site for infection c. documenting in the electronic health record (EHR) after performing wound debridement d. locking the electronic health record (EHR) after every entrance of necessary information e. using a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) program to provide better quality of care to the client according to Maslow’s hierarchy, which example belongs to the third level of needs? Select all that apply a. a client is depressed because the client's significant other passed away b. a client is constipated due to excess loss of fluids from the body c. a client wants to reconnect with old friends after being diagnosed with cancer d. a client has to live in a rat-infested apartment due to a lack of financial resources e. a client never goes to family gatherings because the family members do no accept the client which type of immunity would a 4-year-old child develop during the course of an infection with varicella? a. active natural immunity b. active artificial immunity c. passive natural immunity d. passive artificial immunity which function of leukocytes is involved in the inflammation process? Select all that apply a. destruction of bacteria and cellular debris b. selective attack and destruction of non-self cells c. release of vasoactive amines during allergic reactions d. secretion of immunoglobulins in response to a specific antigen e. enhancement of immune activity through secretion of various factors, cytokines, and lymphokines the nurse is preparing to insert an intravenous (IV) catheter in a thin, emaciated client who is scheduled to begin intravenous fluid therapy. which interventions would the nurses follow to provide high-quality care? Select all that apply a. insert an 18-gauge IV catheter b. change the IV line every 7 days c. flush the IV line with normal saline d. insert the IV catheter in the client's femur e. stop the insertion procedure when there is a break in the technique which disease process places a client at increased risk for infection? Select all that apply a. leukemia b. lymphoma c. emphysema d. schizophrenia e. osteoarthritis a client who has rheumatoid arthritis participates in an individualized exercise program daily. which statement from client indicates to the nurse that the client understands the purpose of the program? a. "I know the exercises are important, so I do them as many times as I can" b. "I do my exercises when i go to physical therapy in the morning and afternoon" c. "because I’m stiff in the morning, i do most of my exercises then, so i'm done for the day" d. "I do one set of exercises slowly after breakfast, then i space the rest of them throughout the day" which response would the nurse give to a client taking ibuprofen for rheumatoid arthritis who asks the nurse if acetaminophen can be substituted? a. "yes, both are antipyretics and have the same effect" b. "acetaminophen irritates the stomach more than ibuprofen does" c. "acetaminophen is the preferred treatment for rheumatoid arthritis" d. "ibuprofen has anti-inflammatory properties, and acetaminophen does not" which condition triggers humoral immunity? Select all that apply a. tuberculosis b. atopic diseases c. bacterial infection d. anaphylactic shock e. contact dermatitis after teaching a male client about measures to maintain sexual health and prevent transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which client statement indicates effective learning? a. "I will use condoms when having sex with an infected person" b. "I will perform a self-examination of my genitals every month before bathing" c. "I will refrain from getting the human papilloma virus vaccine (HPV) before the age of 27 years" d. "I will consult with my primary health care provider when there is a rash or ulcer on my genitalia" a client is admitted to the hospital with severe diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting for 5 days. upon further assessment, the primary health care provider finds the symptoms occurred after the client ate eggs, salad dressings, and sandwich fillings. which food-borne disease would the provider suspect in this client? a. listeriosis b. shigellosis c. salmonellosis d. staphylococcus which therapeutic outcome is expected after administering ibuprofen? Select all that apply a. diuresis b. pain relief c. temperature reduction d. bronchodilation e. anticoagulation f. reduced inflammation which is the correct response to a parent whose child is undergoing chemotherapy and is not up to date on required immunizations for school? a.' by this time your child has developed sufficient antibodies to provide immunity' b. 'maintaining current immunizations is critical. make sure the series is completed' c. 'this isn't the best time to finish the immunizations, because your child's immune system is suppressed' d.' its important to complete the immunizations because your child needs to be protected from childhood diseases that could be fatal' which information is appropriate for the nurse to include in the education for a group of nursing students regarding near-miss events? Select all that apply a. no actual harm is caused to the clients b. moderate-harm may be caused c. they are caused by variation in standard care d. they are caused by impaired immune functioning e. the cause may be analyzed by a failure modes effects analysis (FEMA) while assessing a client, the nurse finds inflammation of the skin at the bases of the clients nails. which event or disorder would the nurse associate with the reason behind this condition? a. trauma b. trichinosis c. pulmonary disease d. iron-deficiency anemia which scenario would the nurse consider an output component of the nursing process? Select all that apply a. while assessing a client, the nurse finds a history of mental illness b. while assessing a client who is obese, the nurse finds a history of asthma c. the nurse notices the clients wounds healed after performing regular wound debridement d. when changing the surgical site dressing, the nurse notices the client developed an infection e. the nurse finds the client's blood pressure increased, even with timely medication administration which option is an example of actively acquired specific immunity? Select all that apply a. recovery from measles b. recovery from chickenpox c. maternal immunoglobulin in the neonate d. immunization with live or killed vaccines e. injection of human gamma immunoglobulin which describes the purpose of preoperative antibiotics for a client scheduled for a surgical resection of the colon and creation of a colostomy? a. to decrease peristalsis b. to minimize electrolyte imbalance c. to decrease bacteria in the intestines d. to treat inflammation caused by the malignancy a 5-month-old infant is brought to the pediatric clinic because of exposure to an adolescent sibling with measles. which factor would the nurse consider when determining the infant's risk of infection? a. the infant's immunizations b. the infants previous viral illnesses c. maternal diseases and immunizations d. maternal exposure to tuberculosis and herpes genitalis which leukocyte would the nurse include when teaching about antibody-mediated immunity? a. monocyte b. memory cell c. helper T cell d. B-lymphocyte e. cytotoxic T cell a client with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infected wound is scheduled for a computed tomography (CT) scan. to ensure client and visitor safety during transport, the nurse would implement which precaution? a. no special precautions are required b. cover the infected site with a dressing c. drape the client with a covering labeled biohazardous d. place a surgical mask on the client when assessing risk factors, which question would the nurse ask a client who has developed pneumonia? a. "are you diabetic?" b. "have you ever had pneumonia?" c. "what do you use for contraception?" d." do you have a history of intravenous drug use?" which class of medication would a nurse expect to be prescribed to prevent the development of cerebral edema after craniotomy to remove brain tumor? a. glucocorticoids b. anticholinergics c. anticonvulsants d. antihypertensives after completing a week of antibiotic therapy, an infant develops oral thrush. which medication is indicated for treatment of this condition? a. acyclovir b. vidarabine c. nystatin d. fluconazole which medication would cause the nurse to monitor the serum creatine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, when administered to a client receiving therapy for extensive bun wounds? a. nitrofurantoin b. mafenide acetate c. silver sulfadiazine d. gentamicin sulfate which client statement indicates to the nurse effective teaching regarding the administration of ciproflaxin therapy for treatment of osteomyelitis? a. " I should go to my primary health care provider's clinic for a weekly dressing change" b. "I should stop taking the medication as soon as my symptoms begin to decrease" c. "I should not remove the soiled dressing without someones assistance" d. "I should contact my primary health care provider if white patches appear in my mouth" which client statement provides evidence that the client understands medication teaching for high-dose penicillin? a. "I should take this medication with meals" b." this medicine may cause constipation" c. "I must avoid dairy products while taking this medication" d. "I must increase my intake of fluids while taking this medication" which medication would be prescribed when a client reports vaginal itching and the primary health care provider confirms that the client has candidiasis? Select all that apply a. tinidazole b. miconazole c. fluconazole d. clotrimazole e. metronidazole which medication would the nurse anticipate being prescribed for a client reporting inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands? Select all that apply a. bacitracin b. mupirocin c. clindamycin d. erythromycin e. metronidazole which hormones are involved in building and maintaining healthy bone tissue? Select all that apply a. insulin b. thyroxine c. glucocorticoids d. growth hormone e. parathyroid hormone which action will the nurse take when it is time to administer vancomycin to a client with a continuous intravenous heparin drip? a. stop the heparin, flush the line with normal saline, and administer the vancomycin b. administer the vancomycin into the heparin line using an IV piggyback set c. start a second IV line for the vancomycin and continue the heparin as prescribed d. hold the vancomycin and tell the health care provider that the medication is incompatible with heparin which information would the nurse provide to a client diagnosed with chlamydia and prescribed doxycycline? Select all that apply a. report worsening symptoms b. refrain from sexual relations c. use barrier protection devices d. contact partners to be tested e. take the entire course of antibiotics a pregnant client with an infection tells the nurse that they have taken tetracycline for infections in the past and prefer to take it now. which response would the nurse give regarding the avoidance of tetracycline administration during pregnancy? a. " it affects breast-feeding adversely" b. "tetracycline causes fatal allergies" c. "it alters the development of fetal teeth buds" d. "it increases fetal tolerance to the medication" which mechanism of action applies to penicillin? a. prevents reproduction of the pathogen b. inhibits cell wall synthesis of the pathogen c. inhibits nucleic acid synthesis of the pathogen d. injures the cytoplasmic membrane of the pathogen which medication is the first-line medication used to treat a client with mild diarrhea who is diagnosed with a clostridium difficile infection? a. rifaximin b. fidaxomicin c. vancomycin d. metronidazole a new mother asks the nurse administering erythromycin ophthalmic ointment to her newborn why her baby must be subjected to this procedure. which is the best response by the nurse? a. 'it will keep your baby from going blind' b. 'this ointment will protect your baby from bright lights' c. 'there is a law that newborns must be given this medicine' d. 'this antibiotic helps keep babies from contracting eye infections' which substance history of sever allergic reaction results in avoidance of the cephalosporins such as cefazolin, cefditoren, cefotetan, and cefriaxone? Select all that apply a. milk b. aspirin c. calcium d. penicillin e. strawberries how would the nurse reply when a client prescribed a tetracycline class medication asks why milk and antacids should be avoided before and after dosing? a. "taking these together can lead to kidney impairment" b. "the pairing of these substances leads to tooth staining" c. "severe diarrhea can occur when taking these substances together" d. "this can lead to decreased absorption of the medication you need" which assessment would the nurse perform before administering a dose of vancomycin to a client? Select all that apply a. creatinine b. trough level c. hearing ability d. intravenous site e. blood urea nitrogen which prescribed medication will the nurse probably prepare educational materials for when caring for a pregnant woman with a body temperature of 103 F and clinical manifestations of coccidioidomycosis? a. doxycycline b. ciproflaxin c. pyrazinamide d. amphotericin B a child recovering from a severe asthma attack is given oral prednisone 15mg twice daily. which intervention would be a priority for the nurse? a. having the child rest as much as possible b. checking the child's eosinophil count daily c. preventing exposure of the child to infection d. offering sips of water when administering the medication the nurse identifies which antimicrobial medications as safe during breast-feeding? Select all that apply a. penicillins b. macrolides c.