NUR 210 EXAM Q&A
how can chemotherapy increase the risk for infection? what can be given with it to
reduce the risk for infection? - Answer-affects the bone marrow; prophylactic
antibiotics
what are the 5 stages of infection? - Answer-1. incubation
2. prodromal
3. acute
4. convalescent
5. resolution
what do bacteria change nitrate into? what does this indicate? - Answer-nitrite;
indicates bacteria in the urine
what is one body fluid that you dont take gram stains on? - Answer-blood
how fast does a gram stain come back? - Answer-within hours
how long does a culture and sensitivity test take to come back? - Answer-24-72
hours
why should you get a urinalysis before a C & S (culture and sensitivity test)? -
Answer-sometimes there is normally bacteria in urine that is not causing an infection
so you can rule out an infection if you do a urinalysis first
what is leukocyte esterase? what does it indicate? - Answer-enzyme produced by
WBCs; indicates leukocytes in the urine
greater than what amount of erythrocytes is significant? - Answer-greater than 5
cells/hpf
greater than what amount of leukocytes indicates significant pyuria? - Answer-
greater than 5 cells/hpf
What is a nosocomial infection? - Answer-hospital acquired infection
what happens to the virulence of a microorganism with a nosocomial infection? -
Answer-increases
what are the two exceptions for getting a culture BEFORE starting antibiotics? -
Answer-bacterial meningitis and severe sepsis
why can giving an antibiotic/antimicrobial before identifying the organism cause
issues? - Answer-giving antimicrobials before getting a culture might prevent
organisms from growing in culture
What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)? what does it not do? - Answer-
lowest amount of drug that inhibits bacterial growth; does not kill organism
, What is the minimum bactericidal concentration? - Answer-Lowest concentration that
decreases size of bacterial colonies by 99.99%; basically lowest amount that kills
that organism
What is anaphylaxis? - Answer-Severe allergic reaction
people with a penicillin allergy may also react to ______? - Answer-Cephalosporins
people with sulfa allergies cannot take _________? - Answer-Bactrim:
trimehoprim/sulfamethoxazole (sulfonamide)
What is the peak level? - Answer-highest blood level of a drug; related to the amount
of drug that they take
what is the trough level? - Answer-drawn immediately before a certain dose; looks at
how well the body eliminates the drug that is supposed to; **related to the time
between doses**
how does C. diff happen? - Answer-caused by antibiotics that kill normal flora
C. diff is able to grow without this _____ factor - Answer-growth
why should you not give anti-diarrheals to a patient with C. diff? - Answer-can cause
toxic megacolon (psuedomembrane colitis)
what are some signs/symptoms of C. diff? - Answer-orange, watery diarrhea,
abdominal cramping + tenderness
why should you not send C. diff for a culture? - Answer-takes way too long
what is an important intervention to teach family members and anyone who goes in
to a patient with C.diff's room? - Answer-wash hands with soap and water
what are the two drugs used to treat C. diff? - Answer-PO/IV metronidazole or PO
vancomycin
PO/IV metronidazole or PO vancomycin are used to treat which bacterial infection? -
Answer-C. diff
what happens to cause Candidas? - Answer-antimicrobial agents kill pathogens as
well as normal flora
is candidas a bacterial or fungal infection? - Answer-fungal
what 3 places in the body can candidas grow? - Answer-mouth, esophagus, vagina
what two drugs can be used to treat candidas? - Answer-Mycostatin and Nystatin
Mycostatin and Nystatin are used to treat which fungal infection? - Answer-candidas
how can chemotherapy increase the risk for infection? what can be given with it to
reduce the risk for infection? - Answer-affects the bone marrow; prophylactic
antibiotics
what are the 5 stages of infection? - Answer-1. incubation
2. prodromal
3. acute
4. convalescent
5. resolution
what do bacteria change nitrate into? what does this indicate? - Answer-nitrite;
indicates bacteria in the urine
what is one body fluid that you dont take gram stains on? - Answer-blood
how fast does a gram stain come back? - Answer-within hours
how long does a culture and sensitivity test take to come back? - Answer-24-72
hours
why should you get a urinalysis before a C & S (culture and sensitivity test)? -
Answer-sometimes there is normally bacteria in urine that is not causing an infection
so you can rule out an infection if you do a urinalysis first
what is leukocyte esterase? what does it indicate? - Answer-enzyme produced by
WBCs; indicates leukocytes in the urine
greater than what amount of erythrocytes is significant? - Answer-greater than 5
cells/hpf
greater than what amount of leukocytes indicates significant pyuria? - Answer-
greater than 5 cells/hpf
What is a nosocomial infection? - Answer-hospital acquired infection
what happens to the virulence of a microorganism with a nosocomial infection? -
Answer-increases
what are the two exceptions for getting a culture BEFORE starting antibiotics? -
Answer-bacterial meningitis and severe sepsis
why can giving an antibiotic/antimicrobial before identifying the organism cause
issues? - Answer-giving antimicrobials before getting a culture might prevent
organisms from growing in culture
What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)? what does it not do? - Answer-
lowest amount of drug that inhibits bacterial growth; does not kill organism
, What is the minimum bactericidal concentration? - Answer-Lowest concentration that
decreases size of bacterial colonies by 99.99%; basically lowest amount that kills
that organism
What is anaphylaxis? - Answer-Severe allergic reaction
people with a penicillin allergy may also react to ______? - Answer-Cephalosporins
people with sulfa allergies cannot take _________? - Answer-Bactrim:
trimehoprim/sulfamethoxazole (sulfonamide)
What is the peak level? - Answer-highest blood level of a drug; related to the amount
of drug that they take
what is the trough level? - Answer-drawn immediately before a certain dose; looks at
how well the body eliminates the drug that is supposed to; **related to the time
between doses**
how does C. diff happen? - Answer-caused by antibiotics that kill normal flora
C. diff is able to grow without this _____ factor - Answer-growth
why should you not give anti-diarrheals to a patient with C. diff? - Answer-can cause
toxic megacolon (psuedomembrane colitis)
what are some signs/symptoms of C. diff? - Answer-orange, watery diarrhea,
abdominal cramping + tenderness
why should you not send C. diff for a culture? - Answer-takes way too long
what is an important intervention to teach family members and anyone who goes in
to a patient with C.diff's room? - Answer-wash hands with soap and water
what are the two drugs used to treat C. diff? - Answer-PO/IV metronidazole or PO
vancomycin
PO/IV metronidazole or PO vancomycin are used to treat which bacterial infection? -
Answer-C. diff
what happens to cause Candidas? - Answer-antimicrobial agents kill pathogens as
well as normal flora
is candidas a bacterial or fungal infection? - Answer-fungal
what 3 places in the body can candidas grow? - Answer-mouth, esophagus, vagina
what two drugs can be used to treat candidas? - Answer-Mycostatin and Nystatin
Mycostatin and Nystatin are used to treat which fungal infection? - Answer-candidas
