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commit.
Question 1
Mr and Mrs Mkhize have been the parties to a civil marriage since 15 June 1977. The spouses never
made a declaration before a magistrate, commissioner or marriage officer on the matrimonial property
system that would operate in their marriage. In January 2025, Mr Mkhize informed Mrs Mkhize that
he was no longer happy in their marriage, and he proposed that it be ended. In the divorce summons,
he indicated that all the matrimonial property belongs to him alone because he owned some of the
property when the spouses married and bought the rest of the property during the subsistence of the
marriage.
A) List the main variations of marriage out of community of property that occur in South
Africa.
Marriage Out of Community of Property with Complete Separation of Property
This system, also known as marriage out of community of property with the exclusion of community
of profit and loss, ensures that each spouse maintains a completely separate estate. There is no
sharing of profits or losses incurred during the marriage, meaning all assets and liabilities remain
individually owned and managed.
Marriage Out of Community of Property with Community of Profit and Loss
Under this variation, spouses retain separate estates but agree to share profits and losses acquired
during the marriage. While their initial assets remain distinct, any financial gains or losses are jointly
accounted for while the marriage subsists.
Marriage Out of Community of Property with the Accrual System
This system allows spouses to keep their estates separate during the marriage. However, upon
dissolution (through divorce or death), the growth (accrual) of each spouse’s estate during the
marriage is calculated and shared. The accrual system ensures a fair division of wealth accumulated
during the marriage while respecting individual ownership.