UBC PSYC 301, Jay Hosking
Projection Neurons - ✔️✔️have long axons that project to other brain areas, aren't
myelinated and communicate info quickly
Interneurons - ✔️✔️have short axons that project locally, modify the signal of projection
neurons, and are star-shaped
Microglia - ✔️✔️small cells on the lookout for problems in the brain, and fixes those
problems by going into a prime state where they grow larger and essentially digest the
problem
Myelinating Glia: Schwann Cells - ✔️✔️wrap themselves around a single axon only to
speed up neural communication and found in the PNS
Myelinating Glia: Oligodendrocytes - ✔️✔️wrap themselves around several axons to
speed up neural communication and found in the CNS
Myelinating Glia: Astrocytes - ✔️✔️part of the blood brain barrier, and provide nutrition
to neurons, control the neuron and synapse environment, heal neurons and influence
the neuron's communication
Mitochondria - ✔️✔️powerhouse of the cell and turns what we eat into energy for the
cell
Cytoskeleton - ✔️✔️microtubules run in the cytoskeleton and kinesin (anterograde
transport)/dyenin (retrograde transport) walk along them carrying vesicles to deliver info
Cell Membrane - ✔️✔️hydrophilic bilayer on the outside (interacts with water/polar
elements only) and hydrophobic bilayer on the inside (non-polar and repels water),
keeping out all dangerous entities
Resting Potential of Cell Membrane - ✔️✔️~ -70 mV
Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP) - ✔️✔️depolarize the cell membrane,
increase the likelihood of the post-synaptic neuron firing an action potential
(i.e decrease the membrane potential from -70mV to -67mV)
Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP) - ✔️✔️hyperpolarize the membrane, decrease
the likelihood of the post-synaptic neuron firing an action potential
, (i.e increase the membrane potential from -70mV to -72mV)
Absolute Refractory Period (Resting Membrane Potential) - ✔️✔️during the
repolarization phase (phase 2) of an action potential where the Na+ channels are
blocked by the amino acid "ball and chain"
can't fire another action potential during this time
Relative Refractory Period (Resting Membrane Potential) - ✔️✔️during the
hyperpolarization phase (phase 3) of an action potential where the few voltage-gated K+
channels open and close slowly
Grey Matter - ✔️✔️cell body clusters of neurons
CNS: called "nuclei"
PNS: called "ganglia
White Matter - ✔️✔️bundles of myelinated axons
CNS: called "tracts"
PNS: called "nerves"
Everywhere Else: called "fibres"
Nissl stains are for ____, while Fibre stains are for ____. - ✔️✔️grey matter, white
matter
can only fire an action potential during this time under the right circumstances
Ionotropic Receptors - ✔️✔️ligand-gated ion channels that send signals and open only
when binded to
Metabotropic Receptors - ✔️✔️G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that modify
signals and cause signal cascades
Autoreceptors - ✔️✔️regulate how many neurotransmitters are released, sensitive to
only neurotransmitters or hormones released by the cell in whose wall they are
embedded
Heterecepters - ✔️✔️respond to neurotransmitters, they receive neuromodulators or
neurohormones released from adjacent neurons or cells to modify signals
Agonists - ✔️✔️increase function in the neurotransmitter system
Projection Neurons - ✔️✔️have long axons that project to other brain areas, aren't
myelinated and communicate info quickly
Interneurons - ✔️✔️have short axons that project locally, modify the signal of projection
neurons, and are star-shaped
Microglia - ✔️✔️small cells on the lookout for problems in the brain, and fixes those
problems by going into a prime state where they grow larger and essentially digest the
problem
Myelinating Glia: Schwann Cells - ✔️✔️wrap themselves around a single axon only to
speed up neural communication and found in the PNS
Myelinating Glia: Oligodendrocytes - ✔️✔️wrap themselves around several axons to
speed up neural communication and found in the CNS
Myelinating Glia: Astrocytes - ✔️✔️part of the blood brain barrier, and provide nutrition
to neurons, control the neuron and synapse environment, heal neurons and influence
the neuron's communication
Mitochondria - ✔️✔️powerhouse of the cell and turns what we eat into energy for the
cell
Cytoskeleton - ✔️✔️microtubules run in the cytoskeleton and kinesin (anterograde
transport)/dyenin (retrograde transport) walk along them carrying vesicles to deliver info
Cell Membrane - ✔️✔️hydrophilic bilayer on the outside (interacts with water/polar
elements only) and hydrophobic bilayer on the inside (non-polar and repels water),
keeping out all dangerous entities
Resting Potential of Cell Membrane - ✔️✔️~ -70 mV
Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP) - ✔️✔️depolarize the cell membrane,
increase the likelihood of the post-synaptic neuron firing an action potential
(i.e decrease the membrane potential from -70mV to -67mV)
Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP) - ✔️✔️hyperpolarize the membrane, decrease
the likelihood of the post-synaptic neuron firing an action potential
, (i.e increase the membrane potential from -70mV to -72mV)
Absolute Refractory Period (Resting Membrane Potential) - ✔️✔️during the
repolarization phase (phase 2) of an action potential where the Na+ channels are
blocked by the amino acid "ball and chain"
can't fire another action potential during this time
Relative Refractory Period (Resting Membrane Potential) - ✔️✔️during the
hyperpolarization phase (phase 3) of an action potential where the few voltage-gated K+
channels open and close slowly
Grey Matter - ✔️✔️cell body clusters of neurons
CNS: called "nuclei"
PNS: called "ganglia
White Matter - ✔️✔️bundles of myelinated axons
CNS: called "tracts"
PNS: called "nerves"
Everywhere Else: called "fibres"
Nissl stains are for ____, while Fibre stains are for ____. - ✔️✔️grey matter, white
matter
can only fire an action potential during this time under the right circumstances
Ionotropic Receptors - ✔️✔️ligand-gated ion channels that send signals and open only
when binded to
Metabotropic Receptors - ✔️✔️G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that modify
signals and cause signal cascades
Autoreceptors - ✔️✔️regulate how many neurotransmitters are released, sensitive to
only neurotransmitters or hormones released by the cell in whose wall they are
embedded
Heterecepters - ✔️✔️respond to neurotransmitters, they receive neuromodulators or
neurohormones released from adjacent neurons or cells to modify signals
Agonists - ✔️✔️increase function in the neurotransmitter system
