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Summary Apartheid and Reconciliation: South African Politics

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Detailed revision notes for OCR History A Level Unit 2 South Africa. Including further information which can be used to show context

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  • July 26, 2020
  • 14
  • 2018/2019
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South Africa 1948-99

Establishing Apartheid

SA before 1900
 The Portuguese were the first European settlers in the late 1400s
 By the 1700s British & Dutch settlers dominated SA
 Migrants from India also arrived but Native Bantu/Zulus still made up the majority
 During the 1800a there were a series of wars between the settlers and natives
 Warfare escalated in the late 180s when gold and diamonds were found
 The British and the Boers fought between 1899-1902
 The white population is still divided between English and Afrikaans speakers

SA 1910-48
 Having helped the British in the Boer war, black South Africans hoped for a better
deal when SA became a British dominion in 1910
 However, Blacks and Indians were denied the vote
 Black people couldn’t rent or own land except in the Black reservations which made
up only 7% of the land
 Black people could only occupy white owned land if they worked for the farmer

1948 Election & Reasons for Nationalist Victory

Appeal of Nationalists
 Afrikaner intellectuals, teachers and clerics were promised a white SA under
Afrikaner rule by Malan
 For white workers they held out the danger of the ‘black threat’ to jobs and law and
order
 Malan promised white farmers a supply of cheap black labour
 He promised white industrialists a more flexible apartheid with blacks allowed under
strict controls, to leave reservations and work in cities
 The Dutch reformed church gave biblical support to afrikaner views on racial
superiority of whites

White Fears
 The economy was in difficulties after the war. Jobs were scarce
 White workers returning from the war found black workers in their jobs
 White workers resented Smuts’ policy of keeping food prices low
 Black workers wages had risen
 Whites were shocked by black protests and feared black resistance
 Smuts talked about democracy and liberty abroad, so whites distrusted him
 They were angry with the UN for criticising their racist policies
 They resented the flood of black workers to the cities

The NP won the election for 5 main reasons:
 The impact of WW2 on SA
 White fears of growing black opposition
 The NP’s promises
 Growing Afrikaner unity
 Dissatisfaction with Smuts

Origins and Nature of Apartheid & its development

Population Registration Act 1950

,  Before Apartheid could take place, the gov needed to know who belonged to which
racial group
 A racial register was created which divided people into whites, natives and coloureds
 Because of mixed marriages this was easier said than done.
 2 criteria were used to decode which group you belonged in:
1. Actual colour
2. Verdict of society
 This caused some families to split up
 13 years later, 20,000 individuals had not been classified

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 1949
 Was created to keep the white race pure
 Banned marriages between whites and non-whites

Group Areas Act 1950
 The government wanted to make sure whites, blacks and coloureds lived separately
 It divided SA into separate areas for different races
 Only one race would be allowed to live in each area. Non-whites should be kept out
of towns and cities
 People who lived in the wrong area would be forced to move
 However, in 1980 over 69% of blacks still lived outside ‘their’ areas
 The government followed this up with a 1951 law which banned illegal squatting

The Natives Resettlement 1954
 75,000 people living in Sophiatown were resettled in the Meadowlands township in
1955
 It was demolished and replaced by a white suburb called Triomf (Afrikaans for
triumph)

Pass Laws
 People needed to carry something to prove who they were and where they lived
 Pass laws existed before the WW2 for every male over 16
 Any black man without a pass or in the wrong area was out in prison and lost his job

Abolition of Passes Act 1952
 All blacks had to carry a reference book once they reached the age of 16
 By 1956 black women also had to carry them
 They needed separate passes to be out after 9pm
 Other races were given an identity card, but owners didn’t have to carry them around
 Non-whites were arrested if they didn’t have them
 In a typical year, 400,000 people were arrested

Separate Amenities Act 1953
 Otherwise known as petty apartheid, it controlled minor aspects of everyday life
 In 1953 owners of public premises could reserve them for use by one race
 In 1955 the Motor Transport Act allowed apartheid on public transport
o Johannesburg buses made a loss due to this
o They could have made £500,000 profit a year if apartheid stopped

 In 1957 a gov minister was given the right to stop blacks attending church in white
areas
o The churches were so angry about this the gov didn’t enforce it

 In 1960 it was extended to beaches

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