Dit is een uitgebreide samenvatting van ALLE theorie natuurwetenschappen voor de niet-wetenschappen richtingen van de 3e graad ASO volgens de vakfiche van 2024 en 2025. Er zitten ook oefeningen bij van vorige examens en ook algemene tips en een youtube-playlist om je allerlei handige info te geven....
,Inhoud
Voorwoord...............................................................................................................................................................................5
Studierichtingen..................................................................................................................................................................6
Algemene voorwaarden......................................................................................................................................................6
Digitalisering........................................................................................................................................................................6
Wat vind je van de samenvatting?......................................................................................................................................6
De biologische eenheid............................................................................................................................................................8
De cel – submicroscopisch..................................................................................................................................................8
Celorganellen..................................................................................................................................................................8
Celmembraan..................................................................................................................................................................9
De celcyclus.......................................................................................................................................................................17
DNA...............................................................................................................................................................................17
DNA-replicatie...............................................................................................................................................................20
Mitose...........................................................................................................................................................................21
Meiose of reductiedeling..............................................................................................................................................22
Leven doorgeven...................................................................................................................................................................25
Voortplanting bij de mens.................................................................................................................................................25
Spermatogenese...........................................................................................................................................................26
Oögenese......................................................................................................................................................................27
Menstruatiecyclus hormonaal......................................................................................................................................28
De bevruchting..............................................................................................................................................................30
De geboorte..................................................................................................................................................................31
Invloed van externe factoren op de ontwikkeling van de foetus of embryo...............................................................33
Hormonale regelingen van de vruchtbaarheid.............................................................................................................34
Chromosomale genetica....................................................................................................................................................35
Begrippen......................................................................................................................................................................36
Wetten van Mendel......................................................................................................................................................37
Doorgeven van kenmerken...........................................................................................................................................37
Moleculaire genetica........................................................................................................................................................42
Toepassingen van biotechnologie................................................................................................................................42
Soorten en evolutie...............................................................................................................................................................44
Soorten..............................................................................................................................................................................44
Mutaties........................................................................................................................................................................44
modificaties...................................................................................................................................................................44
Evolutie..............................................................................................................................................................................44
Evolutietheorieen..........................................................................................................................................................44
1
,STOFFEN.................................................................................................................................................................................46
Enkelvoudige en samengestelde anorganische stoffen....................................................................................................46
Enkelvoudige en samengestelde stoffen......................................................................................................................46
Organische stofklassen......................................................................................................................................................48
Organische stofklassen.................................................................................................................................................48
Triviale namen van moleculen......................................................................................................................................49
Andere begrippen.........................................................................................................................................................50
Toepassingen van stofklassen.......................................................................................................................................50
Kunststoffen.....................................................................................................................................................................51
Thermische eigenschappen van kunststoffen..............................................................................................................51
Toepassingen van kunststoffen....................................................................................................................................52
Bio-afbreekbaarheid.....................................................................................................................................................53
Biochemische stoffen........................................................................................................................................................54
Proteïnen.......................................................................................................................................................................54
Lipiden...........................................................................................................................................................................56
Sachariden.....................................................................................................................................................................59
Duurzaamheid en veiligheid..............................................................................................................................................60
Duurzaamheidsprincipes..............................................................................................................................................60
Veiligheidspictogrammen.............................................................................................................................................60
H- en P-zinnen...............................................................................................................................................................61
Stofomzettingen....................................................................................................................................................................61
Enzymen............................................................................................................................................................................61
De functie van enzymen...............................................................................................................................................61
Bouw van enzymen.......................................................................................................................................................61
Het principe van het sleutelslotmechanisme...............................................................................................................62
Het belang van enzymen..............................................................................................................................................62
Factoren die de werking van enzymen beïnvloeden...................................................................................................65
Het fotosyntheseproces....................................................................................................................................................67
begrip............................................................................................................................................................................67
Fotosyntheseproces......................................................................................................................................................68
Celademhaling...................................................................................................................................................................68
Aërobe en anaërobe celademhaling.............................................................................................................................68
Eiwitsynthese.....................................................................................................................................................................70
Transcriptie...................................................................................................................................................................70
Translatie.......................................................................................................................................................................71
Stoichiometrie...................................................................................................................................................................73
Begrip............................................................................................................................................................................74
2
, FormuleS.......................................................................................................................................................................74
Methode.......................................................................................................................................................................74
Reactiesnelheid.................................................................................................................................................................75
Reactiesnelheid.............................................................................................................................................................75
Botsingstheorie.............................................................................................................................................................75
Activeringsenergie........................................................................................................................................................76
Factoren die reactiesnelheid beïnvloeden...................................................................................................................76
Chemisch evenwicht en aflopende reactie.......................................................................................................................77
Chemisch evenwicht.....................................................................................................................................................77
Aflopende reactie..........................................................................................................................................................77
Het begrip pH....................................................................................................................................................................78
pH van een oplossing....................................................................................................................................................78
Voorbeelden en toepassingen......................................................................................................................................78
Buffermengsels..................................................................................................................................................................79
Begrip: buffermengsel...................................................................................................................................................79
Belang van buffermengsels...........................................................................................................................................79
Reacties in de koolstofchemie...........................................................................................................................................80
Polymerisatie en polycondensatiereacties...................................................................................................................80
Additie...........................................................................................................................................................................80
Raffinage van aardolie..................................................................................................................................................80
Veresteringsreacties.....................................................................................................................................................80
ELEKTRODYNAMICA EN ELEKTROMAGNETISME...................................................................................................................81
Elektrodynamica................................................................................................................................................................81
elektriciteit....................................................................................................................................................................81
Elektrisch vermogen.....................................................................................................................................................83
Verantwoorde omgang met elektrische toestellen......................................................................................................84
Elektromagnetisme...........................................................................................................................................................85
Permanente magneten.................................................................................................................................................85
Het ontstaan van het magnetisch veld.........................................................................................................................85
De krachtwerking van een homogeen magnetisch veld...............................................................................................86
Elektromagnetisch inductieverschijnsel.......................................................................................................................88
KERNFYSICA...........................................................................................................................................................................90
Straling...............................................................................................................................................................................90
Ioniserende straling......................................................................................................................................................90
Deeltjesstraling.............................................................................................................................................................92
Hoog energetische EM-straling.....................................................................................................................................93
EM-stralingen en het EM spectrum..............................................................................................................................94
3
, Activiteit en halveringstijd.................................................................................................................................................95
Definitie.........................................................................................................................................................................95
Het vervalproces...........................................................................................................................................................96
Kernfusie en kernsplitsing.................................................................................................................................................97
Begrippen......................................................................................................................................................................97
Toepassingen................................................................................................................................................................99
Effecten van ioniserende straling op mens en milieu.....................................................................................................101
Besmetting en bestraling............................................................................................................................................101
Equivalente dosis en effectieve dosis straling............................................................................................................102
Economische en ecologische gevolgen in de SL van het gebruik van kernenergie....................................................102
Beschermingsmiddelen tegen stralingen...................................................................................................................102
Effecten van EM-straling op mens en milieu..............................................................................................................103
KRACHTEN.......................................................................................................................................................................103
Invloed van kracht en massa op de bewegingstoestand............................................................................................103
De beweging van een voorwerp.................................................................................................................................106
TRILLINGEN EN GOLVEN......................................................................................................................................................108
Basisbegrippen................................................................................................................................................................108
Basisgrootheden van harmonische trillingen.............................................................................................................108
Basisgrootheden van lopende golven.........................................................................................................................109
Soorten golven............................................................................................................................................................110
Eigenschappen van harmonische trillingen en lopende golven.................................................................................110
Het Dopller-effect.......................................................................................................................................................112
Het elektromagnetisch spectrum..............................................................................................................................114
Geluid..............................................................................................................................................................................114
Eigenschappen van geluid...........................................................................................................................................114
Invloeden van geluid op de mens..............................................................................................................................116
Youtube-playlist...................................................................................................................................................................119
Algemene tips.....................................................................................................................................................................119
Verloop examen...................................................................................................................................................................120
Bibliografie...........................................................................................................................................................................120
Examenvragen....................................................................................................................................................................120
2017.................................................................................................................................................................................120
23/11...........................................................................................................................................................................120
2018.................................................................................................................................................................................121
2019.................................................................................................................................................................................125
2020.................................................................................................................................................................................129
2021.................................................................................................................................................................................130
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