These notes cover the entire module and include all the DSM-5 criteria for various disorders. A table of contents and table of figures is also included. It covers Chapters 1-3, 5-8, and 10-13 of the prescribed textbook.
Test Bank for Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach 8th Edition by David H. Barlow, All Chapters
Test Bank for Abnormal Psychology 8th Edition By Barlow Complete All Chapters
Test Bank for Abnormal Psychology 8th Edition By Barlow Complete All Chapters
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Psychology 314
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Psychology 324
Abnormal Psychology
An Integrative Approach
Contents
Chapter 1: Abnormal Behaviour in Historical Context .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Chapter 3: Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis ....................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Chapter 5: Anxiety, Trauma- and Stressor-Related, and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders .................................................. 42
Chapter 6: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders and Dissociative Disorders ............................................................................................... 59
Chapter 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide .................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Chapter 8: Disorders of Neurovegetative Function ............................................................................................................................................................. 84
Chapter 10: Sexual Dysfunctions, Paraphilic Disorders, and Gender Dysphoria ................................................................................................... 91
Chapter 11: Substance-Related, Addictive, and Impulse-Control Disorders .........................................................................................................105
Chapter 12: Personality Disorders .............................................................................................................................................................................................122
Chapter 13: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders .....................................................................................................................135
List of figures
Table 1: Diagnostic Criteria for Panic Attack ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Table 2: Diagnostic Criteria for Generalised Anxiety Disorder ............................................................................................................................................................... 45
Table 3: Diagnostic Criteria for Panic Disorder ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Table 4: Diagnostic Criteria for Agoraphobia .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 47
Table 5: Diagnostic Criteria for Specific Phobia ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 49
Table 6: Diagnostic Criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) ............................................................................................................................................ 51
Table 7: Diagnostic Criteria for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ........................................................................................................................................................... 52
Table 8: Diagnostic Criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder .......................................................................................................................................................... 55
Table 9: Types of Obsession and Compulsions ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Table 10: Diagnostic Criteria for Body Dysmorphic Disorder ................................................................................................................................................................. 57
Table 11: Diagnostic Criteria for Somatic Symptom Disorder................................................................................................................................................................. 59
Table 12: Diagnostic Criteria for Illness Anxiety Disorder ....................................................................................................................................................................... 60
Table 13: Diagnostic Criteria for Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder) ................................................................................. 62
Table 14: Differentiating Between Conversion Disorder and Malingering ......................................................................................................................................... 63
Table 15: Diagnostic Criteria for Factitious Disorder ................................................................................................................................................................................. 63
Table 16: Functional Somatic Syndromes......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Table 17: Diagnostic Criteria for Depersonalisation-Derealisation Disorder ................................................................................................................................... 65
Table 18: Diagnostic Criteria for Dissociative Amnesia ............................................................................................................................................................................. 65
Table 19: Diagnostic Criteria for Dissociative Identity Disorder ............................................................................................................................................................ 66
Table 20: Criteria for Major Depressive Episode ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Table 21: Criteria for Manic Episode ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 70
Table 22: Diagnostic Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder .................................................................................................................................................................. 71
Table 23: Diagnostic Criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)............................................................................................................................... 71
Table 24: Diagnostic Criteria for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder .................................................................................................................................................... 73
Table 25: Diagnostic Criteria for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder ...................................................................................................................................... 73
Table 26: Diagnostic Criteria for Bipolar I Disorder .................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Table 27: Diagnostic Criteria for Bipolar II Disorder .................................................................................................................................................................................. 74
Table 28: Diagnostic Criteria for Cyclothymic Disorder ............................................................................................................................................................................ 75
Table 29: Diagnostic Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa .................................................................................................................................................................................... 85
Table 30: Diagnostic Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 86
Table 31: Diagnostic Criteria for Binge-Eating Disorder ........................................................................................................................................................................... 87
Table 32: Categories of Sexual Dysfunction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 93
Table 33: Diagnostic Criteria for Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder ....................................................................................................................................... 94
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,Psychology 324
Table 34: Diagnostic Criteria for Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Desire Disorder ....................................................................................................................... 94
Table 35: Criteria for Female Orgasmic Disorder .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 95
Table 36: Criteria for Premature Ejaculation .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 95
Table 37: Criteria for Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder ............................................................................................................................................................ 95
Table 38: Criteria for Frotteuristic Disorder ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 99
Table 39: Criteria for Fetishistic Disorder ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 99
Table 40: Criteria for Voyeuristic and Exhibitionistic Disorders ............................................................................................................................................................ 99
Table 41: Criteria for Transvestic Disorder ...................................................................................................................................................................................................100
Table 42: Criteria for Sexual Sadism Disorder and Sexual Masochism Disorder ............................................................................................................................100
Table 43: Criteria for Paedophilic Disorder ...................................................................................................................................................................................................101
Table 44: Criteria for Other Specified Paraphilic Disorder ......................................................................................................................................................................101
Table 45: Criteria for Gender Dysphoria .........................................................................................................................................................................................................102
Table 46: Diagnostic Criteria for Alcohol Use Disorder.............................................................................................................................................................................107
Table 47: Diagnostic Criteria for Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Related Disorders ............................................................................................................109
Table 48: Diagnostic Criteria for Stimulant Use Disorder ........................................................................................................................................................................110
Table 49: Diagnostic Criteria for Tobacco Use Disorder ...........................................................................................................................................................................111
Table 50: Diagnostic Criteria for Caffeine Intoxication .............................................................................................................................................................................112
Table 51: Diagnostic Criteria for Opioid Use Disorder ..............................................................................................................................................................................112
Table 52: Diagnostic Criteria for Cannabis Use Disorder .........................................................................................................................................................................113
Table 53: Diagnostic Criteria for Hallucinogen Use Disorder .................................................................................................................................................................114
Table 54: Diagnostic Criteria for Inhalant Use Disorder ...........................................................................................................................................................................115
Table 55: Principles of Effective Treatment for Illicit Substance Use ..................................................................................................................................................117
Table 56: Diagnostic Criteria for Gambling Disorder .................................................................................................................................................................................120
Table 57: Personality Disorders .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................122
Table 58: Diagnostic Criteria for Paranoid Personality Disorder ..........................................................................................................................................................124
Table 59: Diagnostic Criteria for Schizoid Personality Disorder ...........................................................................................................................................................125
Table 60: Diagnostic Criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder .....................................................................................................................................................126
Table 61: Diagnostic Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder ........................................................................................................................................................127
Table 62: Diagnostic Criteria for Conduct Disorder....................................................................................................................................................................................128
Table 63: Diagnostic Criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder ......................................................................................................................................................129
Table 64: Diagnostic Criteria for Histrionic Personality Disorder ........................................................................................................................................................131
Table 65: Diagnostic Criteria for Narcissistic Personality Disorder .....................................................................................................................................................131
Table 66: Diagnostic Criteria for Avoidant Personality Disorder ..........................................................................................................................................................132
Table 67: Diagnostic Criteria for Dependent Personality Disorder ......................................................................................................................................................133
Table 68: Diagnostic Criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder...............................................................................................................................134
Table 69: Diagnostic Criteria for Schizophrenia ..........................................................................................................................................................................................136
Table 70: Diagnostic Criteria for Catatonia Associated with Another Mental Disorder (Catatonia Specifier) ....................................................................138
Table 71: Diagnostic Criteria for Schizophreniform Disorder ................................................................................................................................................................140
Table 72: Diagnostic Criteria for Schizoaffective Disorder ......................................................................................................................................................................140
Table 73: Diagnostic Criteria for Delusional Disorder ...............................................................................................................................................................................141
Table 74: Diagnostic Criteria for Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder ................................................................................................................141
Table 75: Diagnostic Criteria for Psychotic Disorder Associated with Another Medical Condition ........................................................................................141
Table 76: Diagnostic Criteria for Brief Psychotic Disorder ......................................................................................................................................................................142
Table 77: An Integrative Treatment Approach to Schizophrenia ..........................................................................................................................................................146
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,Psychology 324
Chapter 1: Abnormal Behaviour in Historical
Context
Understanding psychopathology
What is a psychological disorder?
• Psychological disorder – psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in
functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response → abnormal behaviour
• No one criterion defines abnormality
• Cultural lenses require attention
o Disorders are defined in relation to cultural, social, and familial norms and values
o Shape the experience and expression of symptoms, signs, and behaviours
o South African practitioners → require knowledge of indigenous cultural knowledge systems
o The level at which an experience becomes problematic/pathological will differ
▪ Abnormality depends on individually internalised cultural norms, as well as those applied
by others around them
• South Africa → traditional medicine is an important source of psychiatric support
o Complementary/parallel to conventional medicine
Psychological dysfunction
• Characterised by a breakdown in cognitive, emotional or behavioural functioning
• Normal functioning and abnormal dysfunction → on a continuum/dimension rather than categories
that are either present or absent
• Having a dysfunction → does not meet criteria for a psychological disorder by itself
Culture-bound personal distress or impairment
• Behaviour must be associated with culture-bound distress to be classified as abnormal
o This alone does still not define abnormal behaviour
• Cannot define psychological behaviour by distress alone → often it is normal to be distressed
• Impairment in function → a useful concept but it can be subjective
o Most psychological disorders → extreme expressions of otherwise normal emotions, behaviours,
and cognitive processes
▪ Guided by worldviews
Atypical or not culturally expected
• A response must be atypical or not culturally expected
o Only one criterion → also not sufficient by itself
• Something can be considered abnormal because it occurs infrequently → not necessarily a disorder
• Cultural differences in psychological disorders
o Behaviour is abnormal if it violates social norms
▪ The social standard of ‘normal’ is misused → harmful dysfunction
• Determine whether the behaviour is outside the person’s control
An accepted definition
• Difficult to define ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal
• DSM-5 → behavioural, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural
context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of
suffering, death, pain, or impairment
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, Psychology 324
• Consider how an apparent disease/disorder matches a ‘typical’ profile wen most or all symptoms that
experts agree are part of the disorder are present
o Typical profile → prototype
A brief overview of psychological disorders in South Africa
• High prevalence of substance use disorders
• About 30% of people will suffer from a mental disorder during their lifetime
• Reasons for relatively high prevalence of mental disorder:
o The past continues to have an effect
▪ Racial discrimination
▪ Political violence
o The present has its own effects
▪ Gender inequality
▪ Criminal violence
o Poverty contributes to vulnerability
• Socioeconomic privilege may protect against stressors and reduce prevalence of psychiatric
disorders
The science of psychopathology
• Psychopathology – the scientific study of psychological disorders
• Field of medical health practitioners
• Clinical and counselling psychologists → Master’s degree
o Clinical → concentrate on severe psychological disorders
o Counselling → study and treat adjustment and vocational issues encountered by relatively
healthy individuals
• Psychiatrists → doctorate and medical degree
o Investigate the nature and causes of disorders
o Tend to have a biological point of view
o Make diagnoses and offer treatment
▪ Emphasise medication or other biological treatments as well as psychosocial treatments
• Psychiatric social worker → degree in social work
o Collect information relevant to the social and family situation of the individual
o Home visits and community-based work
• Psychiatric nurse → diploma in psychiatric nursing
o Specialise in the care and treatment of patients with disorders
The scientist-practitioner
• Scientist-practitioners – mental health professionals who apply scientific methods to their work
o Keep current in latest research on diagnosis and treatment
o Evaluate their own methods for effectiveness
o Generate their own research to discover new knowledge
o Consumer of science, evaluator of science, and creator of science
• Three major categories in the study of psychological disorders
o 1. Clinical description
o 2. Causation/aetiology
o 3. Treatment and outcome
Clinical description
• Presenting problem – original complaint reported by the client to the therapist
o Actual treated problem may be a modification derived from the presenting problem
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