BIOD 121 EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔marasmus - ✔✔severe protein AND calorie malnutrition
Means to waste away in Greek. The child slowly starves to death
Develops gradually
Severe weight loss
Wasting of muscle and body fat, a result of famine or another illness in addition to lack
of food
Skin and bones appearance
Severe growth impairment
✔✔vegetarian diet - ✔✔lowered fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake, increased
fiber intake
reduced risk for heart disease, obesity, hypertension, and cancer
✔✔lipids - ✔✔Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
chain of carbons linked together and surrounded by hydrogen molecules
one end acid group, other methyl group
✔✔saturated fatty acid - ✔✔single carbon bonds
primarily animal fats
solid at room temp
✔✔monounsaturated fats - ✔✔two missing H, one double C bond
sources include canola oil and olive oil
✔✔polyunsaturated fats - ✔✔more than one double bond
sources include corn, soybean, sunflower oil
Omega-3 and -6
✔✔omega-3 fatty acids - ✔✔alpha-linoleic acid; a type of "good" polyunsaturated fat
that may decrease cardiovascular diseases
double bond is located on the third carbon from the left side, the methyl (-CH3) end
soybean, canola oil, walnuts, flaxseed oil, salmon, tuna, and mackerel
✔✔omega-6 fatty acid - ✔✔linoleic acid
closest double bond to the methyl (CH3) end of the carbon chain is six carbons away
vegetable oils - much easier to get than omega-3
✔✔trans unsaturated fatty acids - ✔✔hydrogen atoms added to an unsaturated fatty
acid,
incomplete reaction produces partially hydrogenated fats > TUFA
negative health risk, higher impact on raising cholesterol levels than saturated fats
, ✔✔Triglycerides - ✔✔glycerol plus 3 fatty acid.
stored form of energy in adipose tissue
provide insulation and protection
carry fat soluble vitamins
improve the taste of food.
✔✔Phospholipids - ✔✔a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a
phosphate group
formation of cell membranes, are used to transport lipoproteins, and also act as
emulsifiers
Egg yolks, peanuts, liver, and soybeans
✔✔sterols - ✔✔hormones and cholesterol
no glycerol backbone
only found in animal foods
liver makes all the cholesterol our body requires
✔✔digestion of lipids - ✔✔Starts in the mouth (lingual lipase), moves to stomach
(lipase), completed in the small intestine
In intestine fat interacts with bile to become emulsified so that pancreatic enzymes can
break the triglycerides into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride
absorbed through intestinal wall
✔✔Lipoproteins - ✔✔Protein-and-lipid substances in the blood that carry fats and
cholesterol; classified according to size, density, and chemical composition
✔✔chylomicrons - ✔✔made in sm int
mostly triglyceride
transport dietary fat from the intestine to the cells and dietary cholesterol to the liver
✔✔VLDL - ✔✔made in liver
mostly triglyceride, some cholesterol
deliver fat made in liver to cells
✔✔LDL - ✔✔delivers cholesterol into cells ("bad")
remnant of VLDL that forms in blood as it delivers its triglycerides
mostly cholesterol, some triglyceride
✔✔HDL - ✔✔made in liver
mostly triglyceride, some cholesterol
picks up cholesterol accumulating in blood vessels ("good");
delivers cholesterol to liver and steroidogenic tissues;
transfers apolipoproteins to other lipoproteins
✔✔high LDL - ✔✔atherosclerosis
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔marasmus - ✔✔severe protein AND calorie malnutrition
Means to waste away in Greek. The child slowly starves to death
Develops gradually
Severe weight loss
Wasting of muscle and body fat, a result of famine or another illness in addition to lack
of food
Skin and bones appearance
Severe growth impairment
✔✔vegetarian diet - ✔✔lowered fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake, increased
fiber intake
reduced risk for heart disease, obesity, hypertension, and cancer
✔✔lipids - ✔✔Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
chain of carbons linked together and surrounded by hydrogen molecules
one end acid group, other methyl group
✔✔saturated fatty acid - ✔✔single carbon bonds
primarily animal fats
solid at room temp
✔✔monounsaturated fats - ✔✔two missing H, one double C bond
sources include canola oil and olive oil
✔✔polyunsaturated fats - ✔✔more than one double bond
sources include corn, soybean, sunflower oil
Omega-3 and -6
✔✔omega-3 fatty acids - ✔✔alpha-linoleic acid; a type of "good" polyunsaturated fat
that may decrease cardiovascular diseases
double bond is located on the third carbon from the left side, the methyl (-CH3) end
soybean, canola oil, walnuts, flaxseed oil, salmon, tuna, and mackerel
✔✔omega-6 fatty acid - ✔✔linoleic acid
closest double bond to the methyl (CH3) end of the carbon chain is six carbons away
vegetable oils - much easier to get than omega-3
✔✔trans unsaturated fatty acids - ✔✔hydrogen atoms added to an unsaturated fatty
acid,
incomplete reaction produces partially hydrogenated fats > TUFA
negative health risk, higher impact on raising cholesterol levels than saturated fats
, ✔✔Triglycerides - ✔✔glycerol plus 3 fatty acid.
stored form of energy in adipose tissue
provide insulation and protection
carry fat soluble vitamins
improve the taste of food.
✔✔Phospholipids - ✔✔a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a
phosphate group
formation of cell membranes, are used to transport lipoproteins, and also act as
emulsifiers
Egg yolks, peanuts, liver, and soybeans
✔✔sterols - ✔✔hormones and cholesterol
no glycerol backbone
only found in animal foods
liver makes all the cholesterol our body requires
✔✔digestion of lipids - ✔✔Starts in the mouth (lingual lipase), moves to stomach
(lipase), completed in the small intestine
In intestine fat interacts with bile to become emulsified so that pancreatic enzymes can
break the triglycerides into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride
absorbed through intestinal wall
✔✔Lipoproteins - ✔✔Protein-and-lipid substances in the blood that carry fats and
cholesterol; classified according to size, density, and chemical composition
✔✔chylomicrons - ✔✔made in sm int
mostly triglyceride
transport dietary fat from the intestine to the cells and dietary cholesterol to the liver
✔✔VLDL - ✔✔made in liver
mostly triglyceride, some cholesterol
deliver fat made in liver to cells
✔✔LDL - ✔✔delivers cholesterol into cells ("bad")
remnant of VLDL that forms in blood as it delivers its triglycerides
mostly cholesterol, some triglyceride
✔✔HDL - ✔✔made in liver
mostly triglyceride, some cholesterol
picks up cholesterol accumulating in blood vessels ("good");
delivers cholesterol to liver and steroidogenic tissues;
transfers apolipoproteins to other lipoproteins
✔✔high LDL - ✔✔atherosclerosis
