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Summary Vertebrae Reproductive Strategies
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These notes contain: External and internal fertilization Ovipary, ovovivipary and vivipary amniotic eggs precocial and altricial development
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2.1) Vertebrate reproduction strategies:External fertilization:
Takes place underwater
It is wasteful with both eggs and sperm
Fertilization is not certain
How does external fertilization maximise production?
Huge numbers of eggs and sperm are created
Courtship rituals ensures that males and females are close to one another.
Internal fertilization
Terrestrial vertebrates
No water means there is no way for the sperm to swim to the eggs
The sperm is released directly into the female’s body
How does internal fertilization maximise reproduction?
Fertilization is more certain because the gametes are as close together as possible
Fewer gametes are needed
Energy is saved
Ovipary (eggs are laid)
Egg yolk is the only food for the developing embryos
How is ovipary maximised in aquatic environments:
Eggs released into the water and fertilized there.
Vast numbers ensure survival
High energy input is offset by less energy needed for parental care
How is ovipary maximised in land environments
Few eggs are produced
Saved energy is used for yolk production, protection and incubation for eggs, parental care and the shell to
protect the embryo.
Ovovivipary: (eggs produced and hatch inside body and live birthed)
Eggs are fertilized internally and kept inside the female until they hatch and the offspring are birthed live.
Embryo gets food from large amount of yolk
The embryo is not dependent on the mother except for physical protection and gaseous exchange.
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