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Samenvatting Industrieel ingenieur - 2e bach - Programmeren in C en C plusplus
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Uitgebreide samenvatting van C Alles wat in les werd gezegd, werd er bijgeschreven
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PROGRAMMEREN IN CPROGRAMMEREN IN C EN C++ (2019 – 2020)
INHOUDSOPGAVE
HOOFDSTUK 1 – BASISCONCEPTEN IN C ............................................................................................ 4
SITUERING PROGRAMMEERTAAL C ............................................................................................................ 4
EERSTE C-PROGRAMMA.......................................................................................................................... 4
COMMENTAAR ...................................................................................................................................... 4
RETURN 0 ............................................................................................................................................ 4
PROCUDURELE TAAL ............................................................................................................................... 4
PROGRAMMASTRUCTUUR ....................................................................................................................... 5
PREPROCESSING DIRECTIVES ..................................................................................................................... 5
VARIABELEN EN FUNDAMENTELE DATATYPES .............................................................................................. 5
VARIABELEN DECLAREREN ........................................................................................................................ 5
FUNDAMENTELE DATATYPES IN C .............................................................................................................. 6
GEHELE TYPES ....................................................................................................................................... 6
LITERALS .............................................................................................................................................. 7
CONSTANTEN ........................................................................................................................................ 8
IMPLICIETE CONVERSIES........................................................................................................................... 8
EXPLICIETE CONVERSIES – CASTEN ............................................................................................................. 8
OPERATOREN ....................................................................................................................................... 9
OPERATOREN ........................................................................................................................................ 9
REGELS AUTO-(IN/DE)CREMENT OPERATOREN .............................................................................................. 9
CONDITIONELE UITDRUKKING .................................................................................................................... 9
CONTROLESTRUCTUREN ........................................................................................................................ 10
HERHALINGSSTRUCTUUR ........................................................................................................................ 10
SELECTIESTRUCTUUR ............................................................................................................................. 10
VERSCHILLENDE CONTROLESTRUCTUREN C EN JAVA ..................................................................................... 10
ELEMENTAIRE I/O ............................................................................................................................... 10
UITVOER ............................................................................................................................................ 10
INVOER.............................................................................................................................................. 11
GETCHAR/PUTCHAR (IN <STDIO.H>) ......................................................................................................... 11
FUNCTIES ........................................................................................................................................... 12
DEFINITIES FUNCTIES ............................................................................................................................ 12
DECLARATIE FUNCTIES ........................................................................................................................... 12
OPROEPEN VAN FUNCTIES: CALL BY VALUE ................................................................................................. 13
RECURSIEVE FUNCTIES........................................................................................................................... 13
ARRAYS EN TOEPASSINGEN.................................................................................................................... 14
WAT ZIJN ARRAYS?............................................................................................................................... 14
DECLARATIE VAN ARRAY ........................................................................................................................ 14
1
,GEBRUIK VAN ARRAY ............................................................................................................................ 14
INITIALISATIE BIJ DECLARATIE VAN ARRAYS ................................................................................................. 15
ARRAYS ALS FUNCTIEPARAMETERS ........................................................................................................... 15
TOEPASSINGEN OP ARRAYS..................................................................................................................... 16
HOOFDSTUK 2: POINTERS ............................................................................................................... 19
POINTERS: ALGEMEEN .......................................................................................................................... 19
NULLPOINTER ...................................................................................................................................... 19
VOIDPOINTER...................................................................................................................................... 19
CALL BY REFERENCE .............................................................................................................................. 20
POINTERS EN ARRAYS ........................................................................................................................... 20
POINTER NAAR CONST .......................................................................................................................... 22
BEWERKINGEN OP POINTERS = SCHUIVENDE POINTERS ................................................................................ 23
POINTER ALS FUNCTIERESULTAAT ............................................................................................................ 24
CONSTANTE POINTER............................................................................................................................ 24
FUNCTIE-POINTERS .............................................................................................................................. 25
ARRAY VAN FUNCTIE-POINTERS ............................................................................................................... 25
FUNCTIE-POINTER ALS PARAMETER .......................................................................................................... 26
TOEPASSING: METHODE QSORT UIT STDLIB.H ............................................................................................. 26
C-STRINGS ......................................................................................................................................... 26
INLEZEN VAN C-STRING M.B.V SCANF ....................................................................................................... 27
INLEZEN VAN EEN C-STRING M.B.V. (F)GETS (UIT <STDIO.H>.......................................................................... 28
INGEBOUWDE STRINGFUNCTIES (<STRING.H).............................................................................................. 28
ARGC EN ARGV .................................................................................................................................... 30
HOOFDSTUK 3: STRUCTS & DYNAMISCH GEHEUGENBEHEER .......................................................... 31
STRUCTS ............................................................................................................................................ 31
WAT IS EEN STRUCT? ............................................................................................................................ 31
DEFINITIE VAN EEN STRUCT .................................................................................................................... 31
DECLARATIE VAN STRUCT-VARIABELEN ...................................................................................................... 31
BEWERKINGEN OP STRUCTS .................................................................................................................... 32
POINTER NAAR STRUCT.......................................................................................................................... 33
STRUCTS EN FUNCTIES ........................................................................................................................... 33
DYNAMISCH GEHEUGENBEHEER .............................................................................................................. 34
PROBLEEMSITUATIE .............................................................................................................................. 35
METHODES DYNAMISCH GEHEUGENBEHEER ............................................................................................... 36
VEELGEMAAKTE FOUTEN EN PROBLEMEN .................................................................................................. 38
HOOFDSTUK 4: GELINKTE LIJSTEN ................................................................................................... 39
GELINKTE LIJSTEN: ALGEMEEN ................................................................................................................ 39
DE ARRAY: VOORDELEN ......................................................................................................................... 39
2
,DE ARRAY: NADELEN ............................................................................................................................. 39
GELINKTE LIJST: PRINCIPE ....................................................................................................................... 39
ENKELGELINKTE LIJST ............................................................................................................................ 39
DUBBELGELINKTE LIJST .......................................................................................................................... 40
DEFINITIE EN DECLARATIE VAN EEN GELINKTE LIJST ..................................................................................... 40
EEN GELINKTE LIJST OVERLOPEN.............................................................................................................. 40
EEN GELINKTE LIJST OPBOUWEN ............................................................................................................. 41
ACHTERAAN TOEVOEGEN ....................................................................................................................... 41
VOORAAN TOEVOEGEN ......................................................................................................................... 42
TUSSENIN TOEVOEGEN .......................................................................................................................... 43
EEN GELINKTE LIJST VERNIETIGEN ............................................................................................................ 45
VOORDELEN/NADELEN GELINKTE LIJST ..................................................................................................... 47
HOOFDSTUK 5: BIT MANIPULATION ............................................................................................... 48
3
,HOOFDSTUK 1 – BASISCONCEPTEN IN C
SITUERING PROGRAMMEERTAAL C
• C staat zeer dicht bij hardware, haalt daaruit zijn snelheid
• Toepassingen: Unix, Windows, aansturing hardware, tijdkritische applicaties
• Historiek: ANSI C (1972 = oudste), C99 (1999), C11 (2011)
EERSTE C-PROGRAMMA
COMMENTAAR
• Genegeerd door compiler
• Meerdere regels
/* ….
….
*/
• 1 regel (sinds C99)
//…
RETURN 0
• Einde van een succesvol programma
• Return andere waarde à probleem in het programma
• Opvragen exit status: echo %ErrorLevel%
PROCUDURELE TAAL
• C is een procedurele taal: procedures staan centraal
• « Objectgeoriënteerde taal: objecten staan centraal
4
,PROGRAMMASTRUCTUUR
/********************************************
Naam bestand – korte zin over de inhoud
************************************************/
#include <studio.h> // Preprocessing directives
[declaraties variabelen/constanten]
[declaraties functies (a)]
[definities functies (b)]
int main() {
…
}
[definities functies (a)]
PREPROCESSING DIRECTIVES
• Instructies beginnend met symbool #
• Instructies bestemd voor de compiler
• Compiler voert deze instructies uit alvorens de code te compileren
• Staan meestal aan het begin van het programma (mogen ook ergens anders staan)
#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.14159
VARIABELEN EN FUNDAMENTELE DATATYPES
VARIABELEN DECLAREREN
• Elke variabele moet vooraf worden gecontroleerd
o ANSI C: declaraties variabelen vòòr alle andere opdrachten
int a, b, c;
• Naam van de variabele
o Bevat willekeurig aantal lettes, underscores of cijfers
o Begint met een letter of underscore (geen cijfer)
o Stijl
§ Gebruik geen hoofdletters
§ Woordseparatie via underscore
§ Gebruik zinvolle namen
§ Naamlengte typisch tussen 5-15 karakters
5
,FUNDAMENTELE DATATYPES IN C
• Alle fundamentele datatypes zijn numeriek (ook char)
• Kunnen opgesplitst worden
o Gehele types
o Reële types: float, double, long double
• Lengte van het type (bereik) is machine-afhankelijk
o Operator sizeof geeft lengte in bytes van type of uitdrukking
o Syntax
sizeof(type) sizeof(uitdrukking)
è sizeof(float) ≤ sizeof (double) ≤ sizeof (long double)
GEHELE TYPES
• 2 soorten: signed en unsigned
o Met/zonder teken à ander bereik!
o Default signed, met uitzondering van char
o Afhankelijk van de compiler is char: signed char of unsigned char
• Overzicht signed gehele types:
Type Synoniemen
Signed char
Short Short int, signed short, signed short int
Int Signed, signed inta
Long Long int, signed long, signed long int
Long long int, signed long long, signed long long
Long long (C99) int
• Overzicht unsigned gehele types:
Type Synoniemen
Bool (defined in stdbool.h)
à in stdbool.h: ook true of false
Bool (C99) (zonder: 0 en 1)
Afhankelijk van de compiler: char synoniem
Unsigned char met signed char of unsigned char
Unsigned short Unsigned short int
6
, Unsigned int Unsigned
Unsigned long Unsigned long int
Unsigned long long (C99) Unsigned long long int
LITERALS
• Gehele getallen
o {prefix}opt {+|-}opt getal{suffix}opt
o prefix:
decimaal: octaal: 0 hexadecimaal: 0x|0X
o suffix:
int unsigned: u|U
long: l|L unsigned long: ul|UL
long long: ll|LL unsigned long long: ull|ULL
int i = 0x200; unsigned int ui = 512U;
unsigned long ul = 0xf0FUL;
long long ll = 0777ll
• Reële getallen
o {+|-}opt getal.getal{{e|E}{+|-}opt {suffix}opt
o suffix:
double: float: f|F long doube: l|L
float f = 123.456F;
long double ld = 987E-7l
• Karakters: tussen enkele aanhalingstekens
‘a’ ‘?’ ‘\n’ ‘\t’ ‘\”’ ‘\\’
• Strings: tussen dubbele aanhalingstekens
“dit is tekst”
Opmerking: ‘a’ ≠ “a”
7
, CONSTANTEN
• ANSI C:
#define NAAM waarde
#define PI 3.14159
• C99
const type NAAM = waarde;
const double PI = 3.14159;
IMPLICIETE CONVERSIES
• Bij toekenningsopdrachten
o Impliciete (= automatische) conversies in C
o Eventueel warning voor toekenningsopdrachten die informatie kunnen verliezen
(van wider naar narrower type)
float x = 2.8 à double naar float
int i = x; à float naar int
• Bij rekenkundige opdrachten
o Treden op bij binaire operatoren waarbij operandi van ≠ type zijn
o Widening van narrower type naar wider type
x += 2.5 à float naar double, double naar float
EXPLICIETE CONVERSIES – CASTEN
• Expliciet forceren van conversie
double d = 13.7;
int i = (int) d; // i krijgt waarde 13
double d = (double) i / 3;
• Gebruik casts om aan te geven wat de bedoeling is à niet steunen op impliciete conversie
CONVERSIES.C
8
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